research communications
E)-1-[(4,7-dimethylquinolin-2-yl)methylidene]semicarbazide dihydrate
and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (aOndokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 55139, Samsun, Turkey, bT.R. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, 11th Regional Directorate, 55030, Ilkadım-Samsun, Turkey, cOndokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey, dVan Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education, Department of Sciences, Van, Turkey, and eTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64, Vladimirska Str., Kiev 01601, Ukraine
*Correspondence e-mail: gaidaisv77@ukr.net
In the title compound, C13H14N4O·2H2O, the organic molecule is almost planar. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (10). Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots indicate that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (55.4%), H⋯O/O⋯H (14.8%), H⋯C/C⋯H (11.7%) and H⋯N/N⋯H (8.3%) interactions.
Keywords: crystal structure; semicarbazone; Hirshfeld surface.
CCDC reference: 1865663
1. Chemical context
). Furthermore, they are used for the isolation, purification and characterization of and as well as for the protection of carbonyl groups. They possess a wide range of bioactivities and pharmacological applications (Jadon et al., 2011). The chemistry of is interesting because of their special role in biological applications, exhibiting anti-proliferative, anti-tumoral, anticonvulsant, anti-trypanosomal, herbicidal and biocidal activities (Arfan & Rukiah, 2015). Beside these, a number of have also been reported to possess antifungal, antibacterial and antitubercular activities (Jadon et al., 2011). are commonly used as ligands in coordination chemistry and are biologically active compounds. Their complexation with different metals increases the bioactivity of these molecules (Nasrullah et al., 2013, Afrasiabi et al., 2005).
are important intermediates in organic synthesis, mainly for obtaining heterocyclic rings such as oxadiazoles and pyrazolidones (Arfan & Rukiah, 2015Semicarbazones exist predominantly in the amido form in the solid state whereas due to the interactions of the solvent molecules they can exhibit a amido–iminol et al., 2000).
in solution state (Casas2. Structural commentary
In the title compound (Fig. 1), the C3–C6/C11/N4 ring [r.m.s. deviation 0.0054 Å, maximum deviation of 0.0080 (12) Å for N4] is inclined to the C6–C11 aromatic ring by 1.75 (8)°. While these rings are almost co-planar, the N2—N3—C2—C3 torsion angle of −179.41 (16)° also indicates the general planarity of the molecule. The aromatic C—C distances for the title compound range from 1.356 (3) Å to 1.500 (3) Å. The C2–N3 bond length [1.272 (2) Å] is in agreement with that for a double bond. The C1—N1 [1.316 (2) Å] and C3—N4 [1.319 (2) Å] bond lengths are essentially the same, as are the C1—N2 and C11—N4 distances[1.360 (2) and 1.372 (2) Å, respectively]. The organic molecule and the two water molecules in the are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (Fig. 1 and Table 1).
3. Supramolecular features
The crystal packing of the title compound features four intermolecular (O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N) hydrogen bonds (Table 1 and Fig. 2) as well as those already mentioned, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (10). All three O atoms of the compound are involved in hydrogen bonds.
4. Hirshfeld surface analysis
Hirshfeld surface was used to investigate and quantify the intermolecular interactions in the title structure (CrystalExplorer; Turner et al., 2017). The Hirshfeld surfaces were plotted using a standard (high) surface resolution with the three-dimensional dnorm surfaces mapped over a fixed colour scale of −0.578 (red) to 1.362 (blue) a.u. The red spots on the surfaces indicate the intermolecular contacts involved in the hydrogen bonds (Sen et al., 2018; Kansiz et al., 2018; Gümüş et al., 2018). Those in Figs. 3 and 4 correspond to the near-type H⋯O and H⋯N contacts resulting from O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds (Table 1).
Fig. 5 shows the two-dimensional fingerprint of the sum of the contacts contributing to the Hirshfeld surface represented in normal mode. Fig. 6a (H⋯H) shows the two-dimensional fingerprint of the (di, de) points associated with hydrogen atoms. It is characterized by an end point that points to the origin and corresponds to di = de = 1.2 Å, which indicates the presence of the H⋯H contacts in this study (55.4%). Fig. 6b represents the O⋯H/H⋯O contacts (14.8%) between the oxygen atoms inside the surface and the hydrogen atoms outside the surface and has two symmetrical points at the top, bottom left and right, de + di = 1.9 Å. These data are characteristic of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Fig. 6c shows the contacts (C⋯H/H⋯C = 11.7%) between the carbon atoms inside the surface and the hydrogen atoms outside the surface of Hirshfeld and vice versa. There are two symmetrical wings on the left and right sides. In Fig. 6d, the two symmetrical points at the top, bottom left and right, de + di = 1.8 Å, indicate the presence of H⋯N/N⋯H (8.3%) contacts. These data are characteristic of O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds (Table 1).
5. Synthesis and crystallization
The title compound was synthesised following a reported procedure by (Aydemir & Kaban, 2018). A hot ethanolic solution (5 mL) of of semicarbazide hydrochloride (1 mmol) and (0.1 mol) of sodium acetate trihidrate (1.5 mmol) in 2 mL water was slowly added to a solution of 2,7-dimethylquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (1.0 mmol) in 10 mL of hot ethanol. The mixture was refluxed on a steam bath for 2 h until the colour changed. On completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC) the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The separated solid was filtered and washed with cold water, ethanol and diethyl ether and then single crystals suitable for X-ray were grown by slow evaporation of a of the resultant compound in acetonitrile; colourless prismatic crystals were obtained in 83% yield, m.p. 503.5 K (decaying).
6. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure . C-bound H atoms were geometrically positioned with C—H distances of 0.93–0.96 Å. and refined as riding, with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C). N-bound H atoms were located in difference-Fourier maps and refined isotropically. The water H atoms were located in a difference-Fourier map and refined isotropically subject to a restraint of O—H = 0.85±2 Å.
details are summarized in Table 2Supporting information
CCDC reference: 1865663
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018014925/xu5942sup1.cif
contains datablock I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018014925/xu5942Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018014925/xu5942Isup3.cml
Data collection: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2002); cell
X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2002); data reduction: X-RED32 (Stoe & Cie, 2002); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXT2017 (Sheldrick, 2015a); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2017 (Sheldrick, 2015b); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 2012) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).C13H14N4O·2H2O | F(000) = 592 |
Mr = 278.31 | Dx = 1.283 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 10.4731 (7) Å | Cell parameters from 7023 reflections |
b = 7.4612 (5) Å | θ = 2.0–29.9° |
c = 18.4906 (14) Å | µ = 0.09 mm−1 |
β = 94.201 (6)° | T = 296 K |
V = 1441.01 (18) Å3 | Prism, colorless |
Z = 4 | 0.72 × 0.41 × 0.25 mm |
Stoe IPDS 2 diffractometer | 2981 independent reflections |
Radiation source: sealed X-ray tube, 12 x 0.4 mm long-fine focus | 1564 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Detector resolution: 6.67 pixels mm-1 | Rint = 0.049 |
rotation method scans | θmax = 26.5°, θmin = 2.2° |
Absorption correction: integration (X-RED32; Stoe & Cie, 2002) | h = −13→13 |
Tmin = 0.953, Tmax = 0.984 | k = −9→7 |
9088 measured reflections | l = −23→23 |
Refinement on F2 | 0 restraints |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: mixed |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.043 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.099 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0475P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 0.86 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
2981 reflections | Δρmax = 0.21 e Å−3 |
189 parameters | Δρmin = −0.16 e Å−3 |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 1.05531 (11) | 0.4361 (2) | 0.59020 (6) | 0.0639 (4) | |
N4 | 0.46860 (13) | 0.2933 (2) | 0.41455 (7) | 0.0520 (4) | |
O3 | 1.41681 (15) | 0.7083 (2) | 0.72180 (7) | 0.0809 (5) | |
H3A | 1.358985 | 0.628748 | 0.723513 | 0.121* | |
H3B | 1.449265 | 0.703015 | 0.681041 | 0.121* | |
N3 | 0.73918 (13) | 0.3228 (2) | 0.53869 (7) | 0.0512 (4) | |
N2 | 0.86130 (13) | 0.3854 (2) | 0.53533 (8) | 0.0563 (4) | |
H2 | 0.884164 | 0.432981 | 0.495938 | 0.068* | |
N1 | 0.90821 (15) | 0.2915 (2) | 0.65190 (8) | 0.0666 (5) | |
H1A | 0.959716 | 0.280022 | 0.690028 | 0.080* | |
H1B | 0.831568 | 0.249905 | 0.651516 | 0.080* | |
C1 | 0.94666 (17) | 0.3726 (3) | 0.59415 (9) | 0.0513 (5) | |
C3 | 0.53144 (15) | 0.2811 (2) | 0.47886 (9) | 0.0478 (5) | |
C11 | 0.34215 (16) | 0.2435 (3) | 0.40929 (10) | 0.0514 (5) | |
O2 | 1.21793 (18) | 0.4846 (3) | 0.71357 (9) | 0.1137 (7) | |
H2B | 1.196227 | 0.406526 | 0.743827 | 0.170* | |
H2C | 1.169860 | 0.475672 | 0.674650 | 0.170* | |
C4 | 0.47587 (17) | 0.2176 (3) | 0.54060 (10) | 0.0533 (5) | |
H4 | 0.524750 | 0.211872 | 0.584605 | 0.064* | |
C5 | 0.35095 (17) | 0.1640 (2) | 0.53701 (9) | 0.0526 (5) | |
C2 | 0.66482 (16) | 0.3413 (3) | 0.48165 (9) | 0.0507 (5) | |
H2A | 0.695772 | 0.394234 | 0.440880 | 0.061* | |
C6 | 0.27988 (16) | 0.1782 (2) | 0.46867 (10) | 0.0515 (5) | |
C10 | 0.27452 (18) | 0.2618 (3) | 0.34094 (10) | 0.0636 (6) | |
H10 | 0.317254 | 0.303577 | 0.301931 | 0.076* | |
C7 | 0.14862 (18) | 0.1346 (3) | 0.45653 (12) | 0.0661 (6) | |
H7 | 0.104435 | 0.091112 | 0.494685 | 0.079* | |
C9 | 0.14763 (19) | 0.2196 (3) | 0.33076 (12) | 0.0662 (6) | |
C12 | 0.2915 (2) | 0.0934 (3) | 0.60264 (11) | 0.0734 (6) | |
H12A | 0.354999 | 0.088246 | 0.642736 | 0.110* | |
H12B | 0.258178 | −0.024666 | 0.592665 | 0.110* | |
H12C | 0.223136 | 0.171292 | 0.614533 | 0.110* | |
C8 | 0.08617 (19) | 0.1551 (3) | 0.39019 (14) | 0.0737 (7) | |
H8 | −0.000175 | 0.125376 | 0.384002 | 0.088* | |
C13 | 0.0751 (2) | 0.2446 (4) | 0.25749 (13) | 0.0981 (9) | |
H13A | 0.128900 | 0.304520 | 0.225274 | 0.147* | |
H13B | −0.000100 | 0.315338 | 0.263038 | 0.147* | |
H13C | 0.050553 | 0.129586 | 0.237730 | 0.147* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0413 (7) | 0.0946 (11) | 0.0541 (8) | −0.0070 (7) | −0.0073 (6) | 0.0052 (7) |
N4 | 0.0431 (8) | 0.0643 (11) | 0.0476 (8) | −0.0022 (7) | −0.0039 (7) | −0.0041 (7) |
O3 | 0.0725 (10) | 0.1144 (14) | 0.0546 (8) | −0.0238 (9) | −0.0030 (7) | −0.0119 (8) |
N3 | 0.0423 (8) | 0.0593 (11) | 0.0507 (8) | −0.0027 (7) | −0.0040 (7) | −0.0028 (7) |
N2 | 0.0411 (8) | 0.0792 (12) | 0.0473 (8) | −0.0071 (8) | −0.0054 (7) | 0.0062 (8) |
N1 | 0.0537 (9) | 0.0907 (14) | 0.0534 (9) | −0.0120 (9) | −0.0100 (7) | 0.0138 (9) |
C1 | 0.0453 (11) | 0.0588 (13) | 0.0485 (10) | 0.0021 (9) | −0.0067 (8) | −0.0030 (9) |
C3 | 0.0446 (10) | 0.0517 (12) | 0.0462 (10) | −0.0008 (8) | −0.0036 (8) | −0.0055 (8) |
C11 | 0.0424 (10) | 0.0546 (13) | 0.0560 (11) | −0.0008 (9) | −0.0044 (8) | −0.0088 (9) |
O2 | 0.1052 (13) | 0.164 (2) | 0.0684 (10) | −0.0673 (13) | −0.0153 (10) | 0.0070 (11) |
C4 | 0.0527 (11) | 0.0583 (13) | 0.0481 (10) | 0.0030 (9) | −0.0030 (8) | −0.0031 (9) |
C5 | 0.0520 (11) | 0.0513 (12) | 0.0548 (10) | 0.0021 (9) | 0.0057 (9) | −0.0027 (9) |
C2 | 0.0451 (10) | 0.0591 (12) | 0.0471 (9) | −0.0022 (9) | −0.0015 (8) | −0.0027 (8) |
C6 | 0.0455 (10) | 0.0461 (12) | 0.0629 (11) | −0.0018 (9) | 0.0041 (9) | −0.0066 (9) |
C10 | 0.0510 (11) | 0.0831 (16) | 0.0553 (11) | −0.0025 (10) | −0.0063 (9) | −0.0080 (10) |
C7 | 0.0488 (11) | 0.0660 (15) | 0.0835 (14) | −0.0096 (10) | 0.0060 (10) | −0.0029 (11) |
C9 | 0.0500 (11) | 0.0723 (15) | 0.0740 (14) | −0.0004 (11) | −0.0113 (11) | −0.0139 (12) |
C12 | 0.0686 (13) | 0.0830 (17) | 0.0703 (13) | −0.0015 (12) | 0.0163 (11) | 0.0085 (11) |
C8 | 0.0430 (11) | 0.0739 (16) | 0.1022 (17) | −0.0071 (10) | −0.0098 (12) | −0.0148 (13) |
C13 | 0.0682 (15) | 0.128 (2) | 0.0921 (17) | 0.0009 (14) | −0.0359 (13) | −0.0158 (15) |
O1—C1 | 1.240 (2) | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
N4—C3 | 1.3193 (19) | C5—C6 | 1.423 (2) |
N4—C11 | 1.372 (2) | C5—C12 | 1.500 (3) |
O3—H3A | 0.8500 | C2—H2A | 0.9300 |
O3—H3B | 0.8500 | C6—C7 | 1.414 (3) |
N3—C2 | 1.2719 (19) | C10—C9 | 1.365 (3) |
N3—N2 | 1.3673 (19) | C10—H10 | 0.9300 |
N2—C1 | 1.360 (2) | C7—C8 | 1.356 (3) |
N2—H2 | 0.8600 | C7—H7 | 0.9300 |
N1—C1 | 1.316 (2) | C9—C8 | 1.399 (3) |
N1—H1A | 0.8600 | C9—C13 | 1.515 (3) |
N1—H1B | 0.8600 | C12—H12A | 0.9600 |
C3—C4 | 1.401 (2) | C12—H12B | 0.9600 |
C3—C2 | 1.465 (2) | C12—H12C | 0.9600 |
C11—C6 | 1.405 (3) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
C11—C10 | 1.409 (2) | C13—H13A | 0.9600 |
O2—H2B | 0.8500 | C13—H13B | 0.9600 |
O2—H2C | 0.8501 | C13—H13C | 0.9600 |
C4—C5 | 1.365 (2) | ||
C3—N4—C11 | 117.43 (16) | C11—C6—C7 | 117.21 (17) |
H3A—O3—H3B | 109.5 | C11—C6—C5 | 118.53 (15) |
C2—N3—N2 | 116.30 (15) | C7—C6—C5 | 124.24 (19) |
C1—N2—N3 | 120.14 (16) | C9—C10—C11 | 121.4 (2) |
C1—N2—H2 | 119.9 | C9—C10—H10 | 119.3 |
N3—N2—H2 | 119.9 | C11—C10—H10 | 119.3 |
C1—N1—H1A | 120.0 | C8—C7—C6 | 121.1 (2) |
C1—N1—H1B | 120.0 | C8—C7—H7 | 119.5 |
H1A—N1—H1B | 120.0 | C6—C7—H7 | 119.5 |
O1—C1—N1 | 124.08 (15) | C10—C9—C8 | 118.05 (18) |
O1—C1—N2 | 118.59 (17) | C10—C9—C13 | 120.9 (2) |
N1—C1—N2 | 117.33 (17) | C8—C9—C13 | 121.01 (19) |
N4—C3—C4 | 123.22 (15) | C5—C12—H12A | 109.5 |
N4—C3—C2 | 114.97 (16) | C5—C12—H12B | 109.5 |
C4—C3—C2 | 121.80 (14) | H12A—C12—H12B | 109.5 |
N4—C11—C6 | 122.64 (15) | C5—C12—H12C | 109.5 |
N4—C11—C10 | 117.17 (18) | H12A—C12—H12C | 109.5 |
C6—C11—C10 | 120.19 (16) | H12B—C12—H12C | 109.5 |
H2B—O2—H2C | 109.5 | C7—C8—C9 | 122.02 (18) |
C5—C4—C3 | 120.88 (15) | C7—C8—H8 | 119.0 |
C5—C4—H4 | 119.6 | C9—C8—H8 | 119.0 |
C3—C4—H4 | 119.6 | C9—C13—H13A | 109.5 |
C4—C5—C6 | 117.28 (17) | C9—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
C4—C5—C12 | 121.14 (16) | H13A—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
C6—C5—C12 | 121.58 (17) | C9—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
N3—C2—C3 | 121.35 (17) | H13A—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
N3—C2—H2A | 119.3 | H13B—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
C3—C2—H2A | 119.3 | ||
C2—N3—N2—C1 | 179.33 (17) | N4—C11—C6—C5 | 0.3 (3) |
N3—N2—C1—O1 | −177.53 (16) | C10—C11—C6—C5 | −179.15 (17) |
N3—N2—C1—N1 | 2.9 (3) | C4—C5—C6—C11 | 0.9 (3) |
C11—N4—C3—C4 | 1.1 (3) | C12—C5—C6—C11 | −179.24 (19) |
C11—N4—C3—C2 | −178.14 (16) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | −177.62 (18) |
C3—N4—C11—C6 | −1.3 (3) | C12—C5—C6—C7 | 2.3 (3) |
C3—N4—C11—C10 | 178.17 (17) | N4—C11—C10—C9 | −178.52 (18) |
N4—C3—C4—C5 | 0.0 (3) | C6—C11—C10—C9 | 0.9 (3) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 179.24 (18) | C11—C6—C7—C8 | 0.1 (3) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −1.0 (3) | C5—C6—C7—C8 | 178.57 (19) |
C3—C4—C5—C12 | 179.09 (19) | C11—C10—C9—C8 | −0.8 (3) |
N2—N3—C2—C3 | −179.41 (16) | C11—C10—C9—C13 | 178.36 (19) |
N4—C3—C2—N3 | −174.01 (17) | C6—C7—C8—C9 | 0.1 (3) |
C4—C3—C2—N3 | 6.7 (3) | C10—C9—C8—C7 | 0.2 (3) |
N4—C11—C6—C7 | 178.87 (18) | C13—C9—C8—C7 | −178.9 (2) |
C10—C11—C6—C7 | −0.6 (3) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1A···O3i | 0.86 | 2.08 | 2.9277 (18) | 171 |
N2—H2···O1ii | 0.86 | 2.01 | 2.867 (2) | 175 |
O2—H2B···O3i | 0.85 | 2.03 | 2.814 | 154 |
O2—H2C···O1 | 0.85 | 1.92 | 2.769 | 175 |
O3—H3A···O2 | 0.85 | 1.83 | 2.665 | 169 |
O3—H3B···N4ii | 0.85 | 2.02 | 2.8706 (1) | 176 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+5/2, y−1/2, −z+3/2; (ii) −x+2, −y+1, −z+1. |
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey, for the use of the Stoe IPDS 2 diffractometer (purchased under grant F.279 of the University Research Fund).
References
Afrasiabi, Z., Sinn, E., Lin, W., Ma, Y., Campana, C. & Padhye, S. (2005). J. Inorg. Biochem. 99, 1526–1531. Web of Science CSD CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Arfan, A. & Rukiah, M. (2015). Acta Cryst. E71, 168–172. CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Aydemir, E. & Kaban, Ş. (2018). Asian J. Chem. 30, 1460–1464. CrossRef Google Scholar
Casas, J. S., García-Tasende, M. S. & Sordo, J. (2000). Coord. Chem. Rev. 209, 197–261. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Farrugia, L. J. (2012). J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 849–854. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Gümüş, M. K., Kansız, S., Aydemir, E., Gorobets, N. Y. & Dege, N. (2018). J. Mol. Struct. 1168, 280–290. Google Scholar
Jadon, S., Khedr, A. M., Kumar, S., Yadav, S., Kumar, V. & Gupta, K. C. (2011). Asian J. Chem. 23, 4209–4211. Google Scholar
Kansiz, S., Almarhoon, Z. M. & Dege, N. (2018). Acta Cryst. E74, 217–220. Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Nasrullah, M., Khan, M. A., Khan, M. N., Humphrey, M. G., Farooq, U., Aslam, S., Ahmad, M., Munawar, M. A., Maqbool, T. & Lin, W.-O. (2013). Asian J. Chem. 25, 7293–7296. CrossRef Google Scholar
Sen, P., Kansiz, S., Golenya, I. A. & Dege, N. (2018). Acta Cryst. E74, 1147–1150. CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2015a). Acta Cryst. A71, 3–8. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2015b). Acta Cryst. C71, 3–8. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Spek, A. L. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Stoe & Cie (2002). X-AREA and X-RED32. Stoe & Cie GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Google Scholar
Turner, M. J., MacKinnon, J. J., Wolff, S. K., Grimwood, D. J., Spackman, P. R., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2017). CrystalExplorer17.5. University of Western Australia, Perth. Google Scholar
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.