research communications
E)-1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a bromochalcone: (aDepartment of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru 570 006, Karnataka, India, bDepartment of Engineering Chemistry, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Alanahally, Mysuru 570 028, India, cDepartment of Physics, School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Bangalore 562 112, India, dDepartment of Chemistry, Cauvery Institute of Technology, Mandya 571 402, Karnataka, India, eX-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia, and fHead of TVE Department, Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh
*Correspondence e-mail: s.naveen@jainuniversity.ac.in, maraihan@iut-dhaka.edu
In the title chalcone derivative, C15H9BrCl2O, the aryl rings are inclined to each by 14.49 (17)°, and the configuration about the C=C bond is E. There is a short intramolecular C—H⋯Cl contact present resulting in the formation of an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the shortest intermolecular contacts are Cl⋯O contacts [3.173 (3) Å] that link the molecules to form a 21 helix propagating along the b-axis direction. The helices stack up the short crystallographic a axis, and are linked by offset π–π interactions [intercentroid distance = 3.983 (1) Å], forming layers lying parallel to the ab plane. A quantification of the intermolecular contacts in the crystal were estimated using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots.
Keywords: crystal structure; chalcone; enone bridge; E configuration; Cl⋯O contact; offset π–π interactions; Hirshfeld surface analysis; fingerprint plots.
CCDC reference: 1036741
1. Chemical context
α-unsaturated carbonyl system and are described by the generic term `chalcone'. are coloured compounds because of the presence of the –CO—CH=CH– chromophore, which depends on the presence of other auxochromes. are finding applications as organic non-linear optical materials (NLO) because of their good SHG conversion efficiencies (Chandra Shekhara Shetty et al., 2016; Raghavendra et al., 2017). In view of this interest we have synthesized the title chalcone derivative and report herein on its and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
considered to be the precursors of and are abundant in edible plants. Chemically they consist of open-chain in which the two aromatic rings are joined by a three-carbon,2. Structural commentary
The molecular structure of the title compound is shown in Fig. 1. It comprises two aromatic rings (2,6-dichlorophenyl and 3-bromophenyl) linked by the C7=C8—C9(=O1)—C10 enone bridge. The bond lengths and bond angles are normal and the molecular conformation is characterized by a dihedral angle of 14.49 (17)° between the mean planes of the two aromatic rings. The olefinic double bond [C7=C8 = 1.286 (5) Å] is in an E configuration. There is a short intramolecular C—H⋯Cl contact present resulting in the formation of an S(6) ring motif (Fig. 1 and Table 1). The unsaturated keto group is in a syn-periplanar conformation with respect to the olefinic double bond, which is evident from the O1—C9—C8—C7 torsion angle of 10.9 (6)°. The trans conformation of the C=C double bond in the central enone group is confirmed by the C6—C7—C8=C9 torsion angle of −179.8 (3)°. The bond angles O1—C9—C10 [120.4 (3)°], O1—C9—C8 [119.9 (3)°] and C9—C8—C7 [123.9 (4)°] about C9 indicate that this carbon atom is in a distorted trigonal–planar conformation.
|
3. Supramolecular features
In the crystal, the molecules stack along the short crystallographic a axis. The shortest intermolecular contacts are Cl⋯O1i contacts [3.173 (3) Å; symmetry code (i): −x + 2, y + , −z + ] that link the molecules to form 21 helices propagating along the b-axis direction (Fig. 2). The helices are linked by offset π–π interactions, forming undulating layers lying parallel to the ab plane, see Fig. 3 [Cg1⋯Cg1ii = 3.983 (2) Å, α = 0.0 (2)°, β = 24.7°, interplanar distance = 3.6193 (14) Å, offset 1.66 Å; Cg2⋯Cg2iii = 3.984 (2) Å, α = 0.0 (2) °, β = 24.8 °, offset = 1.67 Å; Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroids of C1–C6 and C10–C15 rings, respectively; symmetry codes: (ii) x − 1, y, z; (iii) x + 1, y, z].
4. Hirshfeld surface analysis
Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots were generated for the title compound using CrystalExplorer (Wolff et al., 2012). Hirshfeld surfaces enable the visualization of intermolecular interactions by different colours and colour intensity, representing short or long contacts and indicating the relative strength of the interactions. Fig. 4a shows the Hirshfeld surfaces mapped over dnorm, while Fig. 4b shows the Hirshfeld surfaces mapped over curvedness. In Fig. 4a, the red spots near atoms Cl1 and O1 result from the Cl⋯O interactions, which play a significant role in the molecular packing of the title compound (Figs. 2 and 3), and the Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl and O⋯H/H⋯O contacts. The curvedness plot (Fig. 4b) shows an extensive flat surface characteristic of planar stacking – see the Supramolecular features section above.
The overall two-dimensional fingerprint plot (McKinnon et al., 2007), for the title compound and those delineated into Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl, H⋯H, C⋯C, Br⋯H/H⋯Br, C⋯H/H⋯C, O⋯H/H⋯O contacts are illustrated in Fig. 5; the most significant contributions from the different interatomic contacts to the Hirshfeld surfaces are as follows: Cl⋯H (23.6%), H⋯H (19.2%), C⋯C (14.8%), Br⋯H (14.2%), C⋯H (12%) and O⋯H (8%). Other intermolecular contacts contribute less than 5% to the Hirshfeld surface mapping. Interestingly, the Cl⋯O interactions (Fig. 2) make a contribution of only 2.2% to the Hirshfeld surface.
5. Database survey
A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, Version 5.40, last update November 2018; Groom et al., 2016) using 1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one as the main skeleton revealed the presence of 12 structures (see supporting information), including 1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one itself (CSD refcode CICLUW; Rosli et al., 2007). The other structures closest to the title compound with a second halogen-substituted phenyl ring are: 1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (VIDFEU; Teh et al., 2007), 1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-(3-fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (GASBEK; Rajendraprasad et al., 2017), and 1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (OBIYUW; Ekbote et al., 2017). In these four compounds, the two benzene rings are inclined to each other by ca 49.93, 46.71, 48.92 and 47.74°, respectively. The same dihedral angle in the title compound is only 14.49 (17)° because of the presence of the intramolecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bond, as shown in Fig. 1 (Table 1).
6. Synthesis and crystallization
The title compound was synthesized according to a reported procedure (Chidan Kumar et al., 2014). 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone (0.01 mol) and 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde (0.01 mol) were dissolved in 20 ml of methanol. A catalytic amount of NaOH was added dropwise with vigorous stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred for about 3 h at room temperature. The crude product was filtered, washed several times with distilled water and recrystallized from methanol. On slow evaporation of the solvent, colourless plate-like crystals of the title compound were obtained (m.p. 327–330 K).
7. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure . The C-bound H atoms were positioned geometrically (C—H = 0.95 Å) and refined using a riding model with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C).
details are summarized in Table 2Supporting information
CCDC reference: 1036741
https://doi.org/10.1107/S205698901900104X/qm2132sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S205698901900104X/qm2132Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S205698901900104X/qm2132Isup3.cml
Details of CSD search. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S205698901900104X/qm2132sup4.pdf
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2012); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2012); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2012); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), PLATON (Spek, 2009) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010).C15H9BrCl2O | F(000) = 704 |
Mr = 356.02 | Dx = 1.719 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 2260 reflections |
a = 3.9834 (7) Å | θ = 1.6–27.8° |
b = 13.471 (2) Å | µ = 3.36 mm−1 |
c = 25.661 (4) Å | T = 294 K |
β = 92.736 (4)° | Plate, colourless |
V = 1375.4 (4) Å3 | 0.47 × 0.14 × 0.05 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker APEXII DUO CCD area-detector diffractometer | 3242 independent reflections |
Radiation source: Rotating Anode | 2260 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.037 |
Detector resolution: 18.4 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 27.8°, θmin = 1.6° |
φ and ω scans | h = −5→5 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2012) | k = −17→15 |
Tmin = 0.303, Tmax = 0.842 | l = −31→33 |
10857 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.041 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.124 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.04 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0691P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3242 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
172 parameters | Δρmax = 0.47 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.33 e Å−3 |
Geometry. Bond distances, angles etc. have been calculated using the rounded fractional coordinates. All su's are estimated from the variances of the (full) variance-covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account in the estimation of distances, angles and torsion angles |
Refinement. Refinement on F2 for ALL reflections except those flagged by the user for potential systematic errors. Weighted R-factors wR and all goodnesses of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The observed criterion of F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating -R-factor-obs etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Br1 | 0.05103 (10) | 0.56559 (3) | 0.06384 (1) | 0.0533 (2) | |
Cl1 | 1.1724 (3) | 0.85319 (6) | 0.33444 (4) | 0.0585 (3) | |
Cl2 | 1.1077 (3) | 0.48639 (7) | 0.42380 (4) | 0.0629 (4) | |
O1 | 0.6757 (10) | 0.5127 (2) | 0.25232 (11) | 0.0795 (13) | |
C1 | 1.2349 (8) | 0.7699 (2) | 0.38553 (13) | 0.0400 (10) | |
C2 | 1.3925 (9) | 0.8068 (3) | 0.43034 (14) | 0.0482 (11) | |
C3 | 1.4602 (10) | 0.7456 (3) | 0.47251 (15) | 0.0551 (12) | |
C4 | 1.3682 (9) | 0.6477 (3) | 0.46994 (13) | 0.0489 (11) | |
C5 | 1.2137 (9) | 0.6115 (2) | 0.42448 (13) | 0.0411 (10) | |
C6 | 1.1375 (8) | 0.6695 (2) | 0.38034 (12) | 0.0344 (9) | |
C7 | 0.9826 (9) | 0.6237 (2) | 0.33364 (13) | 0.0423 (11) | |
C8 | 0.8005 (9) | 0.6605 (3) | 0.29567 (13) | 0.0464 (11) | |
C9 | 0.6625 (9) | 0.6020 (3) | 0.25107 (13) | 0.0433 (11) | |
C10 | 0.5026 (8) | 0.6542 (2) | 0.20468 (12) | 0.0386 (10) | |
C11 | 0.3737 (8) | 0.5979 (2) | 0.16350 (12) | 0.0386 (10) | |
C12 | 0.2288 (8) | 0.6434 (2) | 0.12041 (12) | 0.0377 (10) | |
C13 | 0.2083 (10) | 0.7454 (3) | 0.11687 (14) | 0.0512 (12) | |
C14 | 0.3403 (11) | 0.8019 (3) | 0.15749 (15) | 0.0572 (14) | |
C15 | 0.4858 (10) | 0.7575 (3) | 0.20135 (15) | 0.0494 (11) | |
H2A | 1.45350 | 0.87340 | 0.43210 | 0.0580* | |
H3A | 1.56810 | 0.77070 | 0.50260 | 0.0660* | |
H4A | 1.40930 | 0.60610 | 0.49850 | 0.0590* | |
H7A | 1.02250 | 0.55590 | 0.33080 | 0.0510* | |
H8A | 0.75310 | 0.72810 | 0.29640 | 0.0560* | |
H11A | 0.38530 | 0.52900 | 0.16500 | 0.0460* | |
H13A | 0.10710 | 0.77540 | 0.08750 | 0.0620* | |
H14A | 0.33120 | 0.87080 | 0.15540 | 0.0680* | |
H15A | 0.57290 | 0.79640 | 0.22870 | 0.0590* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Br1 | 0.0585 (3) | 0.0625 (3) | 0.0375 (2) | −0.0001 (2) | −0.0130 (2) | −0.0037 (2) |
Cl1 | 0.0795 (7) | 0.0395 (5) | 0.0556 (6) | −0.0046 (4) | −0.0054 (5) | 0.0095 (4) |
Cl2 | 0.0904 (8) | 0.0433 (5) | 0.0526 (6) | −0.0130 (5) | −0.0208 (5) | 0.0112 (4) |
O1 | 0.140 (3) | 0.0403 (16) | 0.0538 (17) | 0.0047 (16) | −0.0406 (19) | −0.0011 (13) |
C1 | 0.0414 (18) | 0.0401 (18) | 0.0388 (18) | 0.0025 (14) | 0.0054 (15) | −0.0002 (14) |
C2 | 0.048 (2) | 0.0391 (19) | 0.057 (2) | −0.0045 (15) | −0.0027 (18) | −0.0106 (17) |
C3 | 0.055 (2) | 0.063 (2) | 0.046 (2) | −0.0017 (19) | −0.0109 (18) | −0.0121 (19) |
C4 | 0.054 (2) | 0.059 (2) | 0.0326 (18) | 0.0010 (17) | −0.0085 (16) | 0.0005 (16) |
C5 | 0.0442 (18) | 0.0386 (18) | 0.0397 (18) | −0.0044 (14) | −0.0064 (15) | 0.0003 (15) |
C6 | 0.0350 (16) | 0.0346 (16) | 0.0334 (16) | 0.0022 (12) | −0.0016 (13) | −0.0028 (13) |
C7 | 0.052 (2) | 0.0357 (17) | 0.0386 (18) | −0.0035 (14) | −0.0037 (16) | 0.0023 (14) |
C8 | 0.056 (2) | 0.0400 (19) | 0.0422 (19) | 0.0092 (16) | −0.0095 (17) | −0.0037 (15) |
C9 | 0.051 (2) | 0.045 (2) | 0.0334 (18) | 0.0050 (15) | −0.0044 (15) | −0.0037 (15) |
C10 | 0.0458 (19) | 0.0355 (17) | 0.0337 (17) | 0.0019 (14) | −0.0057 (14) | −0.0033 (13) |
C11 | 0.0445 (18) | 0.0369 (17) | 0.0346 (17) | 0.0044 (14) | 0.0028 (14) | 0.0011 (14) |
C12 | 0.0393 (17) | 0.047 (2) | 0.0262 (15) | 0.0021 (14) | −0.0030 (13) | −0.0013 (14) |
C13 | 0.062 (2) | 0.052 (2) | 0.039 (2) | 0.0088 (17) | −0.0042 (17) | 0.0087 (17) |
C14 | 0.078 (3) | 0.041 (2) | 0.052 (2) | 0.0057 (18) | −0.002 (2) | 0.0036 (17) |
C15 | 0.065 (2) | 0.0416 (19) | 0.0409 (19) | 0.0018 (17) | −0.0048 (17) | −0.0043 (16) |
Br1—C12 | 1.900 (3) | C10—C15 | 1.396 (5) |
Cl1—C1 | 1.735 (3) | C11—C12 | 1.368 (4) |
Cl2—C5 | 1.737 (3) | C12—C13 | 1.379 (5) |
O1—C9 | 1.205 (5) | C13—C14 | 1.375 (5) |
C1—C2 | 1.376 (5) | C14—C15 | 1.378 (6) |
C1—C6 | 1.412 (4) | C2—H2A | 0.9300 |
C2—C3 | 1.377 (5) | C3—H3A | 0.9300 |
C3—C4 | 1.370 (6) | C4—H4A | 0.9300 |
C4—C5 | 1.382 (5) | C7—H7A | 0.9300 |
C5—C6 | 1.397 (4) | C8—H8A | 0.9300 |
C6—C7 | 1.458 (4) | C11—H11A | 0.9300 |
C7—C8 | 1.286 (5) | C13—H13A | 0.9300 |
C8—C9 | 1.474 (5) | C14—H14A | 0.9300 |
C9—C10 | 1.498 (5) | C15—H15A | 0.9300 |
C10—C11 | 1.380 (4) | ||
Cl1—C1—C2 | 116.2 (2) | C11—C12—C13 | 121.4 (3) |
Cl1—C1—C6 | 121.3 (2) | C12—C13—C14 | 118.8 (3) |
C2—C1—C6 | 122.5 (3) | C13—C14—C15 | 120.7 (4) |
C1—C2—C3 | 120.3 (4) | C10—C15—C14 | 120.0 (4) |
C2—C3—C4 | 119.8 (4) | C1—C2—H2A | 120.00 |
C3—C4—C5 | 119.2 (3) | C3—C2—H2A | 120.00 |
Cl2—C5—C4 | 116.7 (3) | C2—C3—H3A | 120.00 |
Cl2—C5—C6 | 119.4 (2) | C4—C3—H3A | 120.00 |
C4—C5—C6 | 123.9 (3) | C3—C4—H4A | 120.00 |
C1—C6—C5 | 114.3 (3) | C5—C4—H4A | 120.00 |
C1—C6—C7 | 125.9 (3) | C6—C7—H7A | 114.00 |
C5—C6—C7 | 119.8 (3) | C8—C7—H7A | 114.00 |
C6—C7—C8 | 131.4 (3) | C7—C8—H8A | 118.00 |
C7—C8—C9 | 123.9 (4) | C9—C8—H8A | 118.00 |
O1—C9—C8 | 119.9 (3) | C10—C11—H11A | 120.00 |
O1—C9—C10 | 120.4 (3) | C12—C11—H11A | 120.00 |
C8—C9—C10 | 119.6 (3) | C12—C13—H13A | 121.00 |
C9—C10—C11 | 118.6 (3) | C14—C13—H13A | 121.00 |
C9—C10—C15 | 122.3 (3) | C13—C14—H14A | 120.00 |
C11—C10—C15 | 119.1 (3) | C15—C14—H14A | 120.00 |
C10—C11—C12 | 120.0 (3) | C10—C15—H15A | 120.00 |
Br1—C12—C11 | 119.9 (2) | C14—C15—H15A | 120.00 |
Br1—C12—C13 | 118.7 (2) | ||
Cl1—C1—C2—C3 | −178.4 (3) | C7—C8—C9—O1 | 10.9 (6) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | −0.3 (5) | C7—C8—C9—C10 | −169.8 (3) |
Cl1—C1—C6—C5 | 178.3 (2) | O1—C9—C10—C11 | −0.5 (5) |
Cl1—C1—C6—C7 | 0.8 (5) | O1—C9—C10—C15 | −179.2 (4) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | 0.2 (5) | C8—C9—C10—C11 | −179.7 (3) |
C2—C1—C6—C7 | −177.3 (3) | C8—C9—C10—C15 | 1.6 (5) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | −0.4 (6) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | −179.4 (3) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 1.2 (6) | C15—C10—C11—C12 | −0.7 (5) |
C3—C4—C5—Cl2 | 179.4 (3) | C9—C10—C15—C14 | 179.1 (4) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −1.3 (6) | C11—C10—C15—C14 | 0.4 (5) |
Cl2—C5—C6—C1 | 179.9 (3) | C10—C11—C12—Br1 | −179.9 (2) |
Cl2—C5—C6—C7 | −2.4 (4) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | 0.2 (5) |
C4—C5—C6—C1 | 0.6 (5) | Br1—C12—C13—C14 | −179.2 (3) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | 178.3 (3) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | 0.7 (5) |
C1—C6—C7—C8 | −26.8 (6) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −1.0 (6) |
C5—C6—C7—C8 | 155.8 (4) | C13—C14—C15—C10 | 0.5 (6) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | −179.8 (3) |
Acknowledgements
CSCK extends his appreciation to the Vidya Vikas Research & Development Centre for the facilities and encouragement.
References
Bruker (2012). APEX2, SAINT and SADABS. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Chandra Shekhara Shetty, T., Raghavendra, S., Chidan Kumar, C. S. & Dharmaprakash, S. M. (2016). Appl. Phys. B, 122, 205–213. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Chidan Kumar, C. S., Fun, H. K., Parlak, C., Rhyman, L., Ramasami, P., Tursun, M., Chandraju, S. & Quah, C. K. (2014). Spectrochim. Acta Part A, 132, 174–182. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Ekbote, A., Patil, P. S., Maidur, S. R., Chia, T. S. & Quah, C. K. (2017). Dyes Pigments, 139, 720–729. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Groom, C. R., Bruno, I. J., Lightfoot, M. P. & Ward, S. C. (2016). Acta Cryst. B72, 171–179. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Macrae, C. F., Bruno, I. J., Chisholm, J. A., Edgington, P. R., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Rodriguez-Monge, L., Taylor, R., van de Streek, J. & Wood, P. A. (2008). J. Appl. Cryst. 41, 466–470. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
McKinnon, J. J., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2007). Chem. Commun. pp. 3814-3816. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Raghavendra, S., Chidan Kumar, C. S., Shetty, T. C. S., Lakshminarayana, B. N., Quah, C. K., Chandraju, S., Ananthnag, G. S., Gonsalves, R. A. & Dharmaprakash, S. M. (2017). Results Phys. 7, 2550–2556. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Rajendraprasad, S., Chidan Kumar, C. S., Quah, C. K., Chandraju, S., Lokanath, N. K., Naveen, S. & Warad, I. (2017). IUCrData, 2, x170379. Google Scholar
Rosli, M. M., Patil, P. S., Fun, H.-K., Razak, I. A. & Dharmaprakash, S. M. (2007). Acta Cryst. E63, o2501. CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Spek, A. L. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Teh, J. B.-J., Patil, P. S., Fun, H.-K., Satheesh, Y. E., Razak, I. A. & Dharmaprakash, S. M. (2007). Acta Cryst. E63, o1844–o1845. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Westrip, S. P. (2010). J. Appl. Cryst. 43, 920–925. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Wolff, S. K., Grimwood, D. J., McKinnon, J. J., Turner, M. J., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2012). CrystalExplorer. University of Western Australia. Google Scholar
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.