Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and inter­action energy and DFT studies of 2-(2,3-di­hydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)-6-meth­oxy­phenol

Daouda, B.; Tuo, N.T.; Hökelek, T.; Niameke Jean-Baptiste, K.; Charles Guillaume, K.; Claude, K.A.L.; Essassi, E.M.

doi:10.1107/S2056989020004284

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Volume 76| Part 5| May 2020| Pages 605-610

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989020004284

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Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and interaction energy and DFT studies of 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol

Ballo Daouda,^a,^b ^* Nanou Tiéba Tuo,^b Tuncer Hökelek,^c Kangah Niameke Jean-Baptiste,^d Kodjo Charles Guillaume,^e Kablan Ahmont Landry Claude ^f and El Mokhtar Essassi ^a

^aLaboratoire de Chimie Organique Heterocyclique URAC 21, Pôle de Competence Pharmacochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Universite Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco, ^bLaboratoire de Chimie Organique et de Substances Naturelles, UFR Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, ^cDepartment of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, ^dLaboratoire de Thermodynamique et Physicochimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR-SFA, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire, ^eLaboratoire de Cristallographie et Physique Moléculaire, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, 01 BP V34 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire, and ^fUFR des Sciences Biologiques, Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly, BP 1328 Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire
^*Correspondence e-mail: daoudaballo526@gmail.com

Edited by A. J. Lough, University of Toronto, Canada (Received 10 March 2020; accepted 29 March 2020; online 3 April 2020)

The title compound, C₁₈H₁₆N₂O₂, consists of perimidine and methoxyphenol units, where the tricyclic perimidine unit contains a naphthalene ring system and a non-planar C₄N₂ ring adopting an envelope conformation with the NCN group hinged by 47.44 (7)° with respect to the best plane of the other five atoms. In the crystal, O—H_Phnl⋯N_Prmdn and N—H_Prmdn⋯O_Phnl (Phnl = phenol and Prmdn = perimidine) hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains along the b-axis direction. Weak C—H⋯π interactions may further stabilize the crystal structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (49.0%), H⋯C/C⋯H (35.8%) and H⋯O/O⋯H (12.0%) interactions. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. Computational chemistry indicates that in the crystal, the O—H_Phnl⋯N_Prmdn and N—H_Prmdn⋯O_Phnl hydrogen-bond energies are 58.4 and 38.0 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized structures at the B3LYP/ 6–311 G(d,p) level are compared with the experimentally determined molecular structure in the solid state. The HOMO–LUMO behaviour was elucidated to determine the energy gap.

Keywords: crystal structure; perimidin; methoxyphenol; Hirshfeld surface.

CCDC reference: 1976883

1. Chemical context

Six-membered heterocyclic compounds carrying two nitrogen atoms have been widely studied (Aly & El-Shaieb, 2004 ; Koca et al., 2012 ; Zhao et al., 2012 ; Baranov & Fadeev, 2016 ; Lahmidi et al., 2018 ). Perimidine derivatives (perinaphtho-fused perimidine ring systems) in particular have aroused a lot of interest because of their applications in photophysics (Del Valle et al., 1997 ) and their use as colouring matters for polyester fibers (Claramunt et al., 1995 ) and as fluorescent materials (Varsha et al., 2010 ). These molecules have a wide range of biological applications (Dzieduszycka et al., 2002 ), indicating that the perimidine group is a potentially useful model in medicinal chemistry research and therapeutic applications. In coordination chemistry, perimidine derivatives have been studied for their interesting catalytic activities (Cucciolito et al., 2013a ; Akıncı et al., 2014 ) as well as in the field of corrosion inhibition (He et al., 2018 ). As a continuation of our research on the development of new perimidine derivatives with potential pharmacological applications, we studied the condensation reaction of ortho-vanillin and 1,8-diaminonaphthalene in ether under agitation at room temperature, which gave the title compound, 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol, in good yield. We report herein the synthesis, the molecular and crystal structures along with Hirshfeld surface analysis and computational calculations of the title compound, (I).

2. Structural commentary

The title compound, (I), consists of perimidine and methoxyphenol units, where the tricyclic perimidine unit contains a naphthalene ring system and a non-planar C₄N₂ ring (Fig. 1). A puckering analysis of the non-planar six-membered C₄N₂, B (N1/N2/C1/C9–C11), ring gave the parameters q₂ = 0.3879 (12) Å, q₃ = −0.2565 (12) Å, Q_T = 0.4650 (13) Å, θ₂ = 123.47 (15)° and φ₂ = 235.98 (18)°]. The ring adopts an envelope conformation, where atom C1 is at the flap position and at a distance of 0.6454 (12) Å from the best plane through the other five atoms. The C₄N₂ ring is hinged about the N⋯N vector with the N1—C1—N2 plane being inclined by 47.44 (7)° to the best plane of the other five atoms (N1/N2/C9–C11). In the methoxyphenol moiety, the C8—O2—C4—C5 and C8—O2—C4—C3 torsion angles are −2.9 (2)° and 176.72 (12)°, respectively. Rings A (C2–C7), C (C10–C15) and D (C9/C10/C15–C18) are oriented at dihedral angles of A/C = 65.39 (4)°, A/D = 69.63 (4)° and C/D = 4.31 (3)°.

Figure 1
The asymmetric unit of the title compound with the atom-numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

3. Supramolecular features

In the crystal, O—H_Phnl⋯N_Prmdn and N—H_Prmdn⋯O_Phnl (Phnl = phenol and Prmdn = perimidine) hydrogen bonds (Table 1) link the molecules into infinite chains along the b-axis direction (Fig. 2). The C—H⋯π interactions (Table 1) may further stabilize the crystal structure.

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

Cg1 and Cg4 are the centroids of rings A (C2–C7) and D (C9/C10/C15–C18), respectively.

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O1—H1O⋯N2	0.82	1.96	2.6667 (14)	144
N2—H2N⋯O1ⁱ	0.864 (15)	2.196 (15)	2.9870 (14)	152.2 (13)
C8—H8A⋯Cg1^iv	0.96	2.82	3.6580 (17)	146
C13—H13⋯Cg4ⁱ	0.93	2.87	3.7336 (16)	155
C16—H16⋯Cg1^v	0.93	2.87	3.4880 (15)	125
Symmetry codes: (i) $[-x+{\script{3\over 2}}, y+{\script{1\over 2}}, z]$ ; (iv) $[x, -y-{\script{1\over 2}}, z-{\script{1\over 2}}]$ ; (v) $[x+{\script{1\over 2}}, -y-{\script{1\over 2}}, -z]$ .

Figure 2
A partial packing diagram viewed along the a-axis direction with O—H_Phnl⋯N_Prmdn and N—H_Prmdn⋯O_Phnl (Phnl = phenol and Prmdn = perimidine) hydrogen bonds shown as dashed lines. H-atoms not included in hydrogen bonding have been omitted for clarity.

4. Hirshfeld surface analysis

In order to visualize the intermolecular interactions in the crystal of the title compound, a Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis (Hirshfeld, 1977 ; Spackman & Jayatilaka, 2009 ) was carried out by using Crystal Explorer 17.5 (Turner et al., 2017 ). In the HS plotted over d_norm (Fig. 3), the white surface indicates contacts with distances equal to the sum of van der Waals radii, and the red and blue colours indicate distances shorter (in close contact) or longer (distinct contact) than the van der Waals radii, respectively (Venkatesan et al., 2016 ). The bright-red spot appearing near O1 indicates its role as the respective donor and/or acceptor; it also appears as blue and red regions corresponding to positive and negative potentials on the HS mapped over electrostatic potential (Spackman et al., 2008 ; Jayatilaka et al., 2005 ) as shown in Fig. 4. The blue regions indicate the positive electrostatic potential (hydrogen-bond donors), while the red regions indicate the negative electrostatic potential (hydrogen-bond acceptors). The shape-index of the HS is a tool to visualize the π–π stacking by the presence of adjacent red and blue triangles; if there are no adjacent red and/or blue triangles, then there are no π–π interactions. Fig. 5 clearly suggests that there are no π–π interactions in (I).

Figure 3
View of the three-dimensional Hirshfeld surface of the title compound plotted over d_norm in the range −0.4133 to 1.3883 a.u.

Figure 4
View of the three-dimensional Hirshfeld surface of the title compound plotted over electrostatic potential energy in the range −0.0500 to 0.0500 a.u. using the STO-3 G basis set at the Hartree–Fock level of theory. Hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors are shown as blue and red regions around the atoms corresponding to positive and negative potentials, respectively.

Figure 5
Hirshfeld surface of the title compound plotted over shape-index.

The overall two-dimensional fingerprint plot, Fig. 6a, and those delineated into H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H, H⋯O/O⋯H, H⋯N/N⋯H, C⋯C and O⋯C/C⋯O contacts (McKinnon et al., 2007 ) are illustrated in Fig. 6 b-g, respectively, together with their relative contributions to the Hirshfeld surface. The most important interaction is H⋯H contributing 49.0% to the overall crystal packing, which is reflected in Fig. 6b as widely scattered points of high density due to the large hydrogen-atom content of the molecule with the tip at d_e = d_i = 1.20 Å. In the presence of C—H⋯π interactions, the pair of characteristic wings in the fingerprint plot, Fig. 6c, delineated into H⋯C/C⋯H contacts (Table 2; 35.8% contribution to the HS) have the tips at d_e + d_i = 2.68 Å. The pair of spikes in the fingerprint plot delineated into H⋯O/O⋯H contacts (12.0% contribution, Fig. 6d) have a symmetrical distribution of points with the tips at d_e + d_i = 3.03 Å. The H⋯N/N⋯H contacts (Fig. 6e, 1.8% contribution) have a distribution of points with the tips at d_e + d_i = 2.72 Å. The C⋯C contacts (0.8%, Fig. 6f) have the tip at d_e = d_i = 3.37 Å. Finally, the O⋯C/C⋯O interactions make only a 0.5% contribution to the overall crystal packing.

Table 2
Selected interatomic distances (Å)

O1⋯O2	2.5772 (14)	C5⋯H8Aⁱ	2.94
O1⋯N2	2.6668 (14)	C5⋯H8B	2.72
C12⋯O1ⁱ	3.1736 (17)	C5⋯H8C	2.80
C17⋯O1ⁱⁱ	3.3145 (17)	C8⋯H5	2.55
C11⋯O1ⁱ	3.3650 (15)	H13⋯C9ⁱ	2.93
N2⋯O1ⁱ	2.9867 (14)	H13⋯C10ⁱ	2.97
H2N⋯O1ⁱ	2.196 (15)	C10⋯H1	2.95
H18⋯O1ⁱⁱ	2.88	C12⋯H1Oⁱ	2.88
H12⋯O1ⁱ	2.66	H1⋯H7	2.39
H17⋯O1ⁱⁱ	2.63	H1N⋯H18	2.44
O2⋯H6ⁱⁱⁱ	2.87	H1O⋯H2N	2.31
N1⋯H1O	2.86	H17⋯H1Oⁱⁱ	2.57
H12⋯N1ⁱ	2.86	H18⋯H1Oⁱⁱ	2.47
N2⋯H1O	1.96	H2N⋯H12	2.43
C18⋯C12ⁱⁱ	3.567 (2)	H5⋯H8B	2.28
C1⋯H1O	2.46	H5⋯H8C	2.40
C4⋯H8Aⁱ	2.92	H14⋯H16	2.53
Symmetry codes: (i) $[-x+{\script{3\over 2}}, y+{\script{1\over 2}}, z]$ ; (ii) $[x-{\script{1\over 2}}, y, -z+{\script{3\over 2}}]$ ; (iii) $[x+{\script{1\over 2}}, -y+{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+1]$ .

Figure 6
The full two-dimensional fingerprint plots for the title compound, showing (a) all interactions, and delineated into (b) H⋯H, (c) H⋯C/C⋯H, (d) H⋯O/O⋯H, (e) H⋯N/N⋯H and (f) O⋯C/C⋯O interactions. The d_i and d_e values are the closest internal and external distances (in Å) from given points on the Hirshfeld surface contacts.

The Hirshfeld surface representations with the function d_norm plotted onto the surface are shown for the H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H interactions in Fig. 7a–c, respectively.

Figure 7
The Hirshfeld surface representations with the function d_norm plotted onto the surface for (a) H⋯H, (b) H⋯C/C⋯H and (c) H⋯O/O⋯H interactions.

The Hirshfeld surface analysis confirms the importance of H-atom contacts in establishing the packing. The large number of H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H interactions suggest that van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding play the major roles in the crystal packing (Hathwar et al., 2015 ).

5. Interaction energy calculations

The intermolecular interaction energies were calculated using the CE–B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) energy model available in Crystal Explorer 17.5 (Turner et al., 2017), where a cluster of molecules is generated by applying crystallographic symmetry operations with respect to a selected central molecule within a default radius of 3.8 Å (Turner et al., 2014 ). The total intermolecular energy (E_tot) is the sum of electrostatic (E_ele), polarization (E_pol), dispersion (E_dis) and exchange-repulsion (E_rep) energies (Turner et al., 2015 ) with scale factors of 1.057, 0.740, 0.871 and 0.618, respectively (Mackenzie et al., 2017 ). Hydrogen-bonding interaction energies (in kJ mol⁻¹) were calculated as −37.5 (E_ele), −7.8 (E_pol), −52.0 (E_dis), 52.4 (E_rep) and −58.4 (E_tot) [or O1—H1O⋯N2 and −11.3 (E_ele), −3.4 (E_pol), −48.4 (E_dis), 30.0 (E_rep) and −38.0 (E_tot) for N2—H2N⋯O1.

6. DFT calculations

The optimized structure of the title compound, (I), in the gas phase was generated theoretically via density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP functional and 6–311 G(d,p) basis-set calculations (Becke, 1993 ) as implemented in GAUSSIAN 09 (Frisch et al., 2009 ). The theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement (Table 3). The highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), acting as an electron donor, and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), acting as an electron acceptor, are very important parameters for quantum chemistry. When the energy gap is small, the molecule is highly polarizable and has high chemical reactivity. The DFT calculations provide some important information on the reactivity and site selectivity of the molecular framework. E_HOMO and E_LUMO clarify the inevitable charge-exchange collaboration inside the studied material, electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), potential (μ), electrophilicity (ω) and softness (σ) are recorded in Table 4. The significance of η and σ is for the evaluation of both the reactivity and stability. The electron transition from the HOMO to the LUMO energy level is shown in Fig. 8. The HOMO and LUMO are localized in the plane extending from the whole 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol ring. The energy band gap [ΔE = E_LUMO − E_HOMO] of the molecule is about 2.6162 eV, and the frontier molecular orbital energies, E_HOMO and E_LUMO are −3.1985 and −0.5823 eV, respectively.

Table 3
Comparison of selected (X-ray and DFT) geometric data (Å, °)

Bonds/angles	X-ray	B3LYP/6–311G(d,p)
O1—C3	1.3587 (14)	1.38948
O1—H1O^a	0.82	0.97611
N1—C9	1.3865 (16)	1.39921
N1—C1	1.4529 (17)	1.47118
N1—H1N	0.870 (15)	0.90721
C1—N2	1.4745 (16)	1.47531
C1—C2	1.5074 (17)	1.51309
O2—C4	1.3677 (15)	1.40231
O2—C8	1.4088 (17)	1.45201
N2—C11	1.4124 (16)	1.39016
N2—H2N	0.864 (15)	0.90717

C3—O1—H1O^a	109.5	109.04
C9—N1—C1	116.86 (10)	117.19
C9—N1—H1N	115.4 (10)	116.29
C1—N1—H1N	113.3 (10)	114.01
N1—C1—N2	106.56 (10)	106.87
N1—C1—C2	109.17 (10)	110.78
N2—C1—C2	111.38 (10)	110.82
N1—C1—H1^a	109.9	110.12
N2—C1—H1^a	109.9	109.09
Note: (a) These four entries were not refined, as they each include a constrained H atom.

Table 4
Calculated energies

Molecular Energy (a.u.) (eV)	Compound (I)
Total Energy TE (eV)	−26013
E_HOMO (eV)	−3.1985
E_LUMO (eV)	−0.5823
Gap, ΔE (eV)	2.6162
Dipole moment, μ (Debye)	7.0880
Ionization potential, I (eV)	3.1985
Electron affinity, A	0.5823
Electronegativity, χ	1.8904
Hardness, η	1.3081
Electrophilicity index, ω	1.3660
Softness, σ	0.7645
Fraction of electrons transferred, ΔN	1.9530

Figure 8
The energy band gap of the title compound, (I)

7. Database survey

Similar compounds of the perimidine derivative have also been reported (Ghorbani, 2012 ; Fun et al., 2011 ; Maloney et al., 2013 ; Cucciolito et al., 2013b ; Manimekalai et al., 2014 ), in which the groups at position 2 are almost coplanar with the perimidic nucleus (Ghorbani, 2012; Fun et al., 2011; Cucciolito et al., 2013b). The closest examples to the title compound, (I), are (II) (Cucciolito et al., 2013b) and (III) (Fun et al., 2011), while (IV) (Ghorbani, 2012), (V) (Maloney et al., 2013) and (VI) (Manimekalai et al., 2014) are more distant relatives.

8. Synthesis and crystallization

The title compound, (I), was synthesized from the condensation of ortho-vanillin (3 mmol) and 1,8- diaminonaphthalene (4 mmol) in ether (30 ml) under agitation at room temperature. Brown single crystals were obtained by the slow evaporation of the acetone solvent after 15 days (yield: 75%).

9. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 5. The C-bound H atoms were positioned geometrically, with C—H = 0.93 Å (for aromatic H atoms and H14C, H15A and H15B of the allyl moiety), 0.98 Å (for methine H atom) and 0.97 Å (for methylene H atoms), and constrained to ride on their parent atoms, with U_iso(H) = 1.2U_eq(C). The hydroxyl H atom was placed in a calculated position with O—H = 0.82 Å and U_iso(H) = 1.5U_eq(O) while H atoms bonded to N atoms were refined independently with U_iso(H) = 1.2U_eq(N)

Table 5
Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₁₈H₁₆N₂O₂
M_r	292.33
Crystal system, space group	Orthorhombic, Pbca
Temperature (K)	293
a, b, c (Å)	12.7245 (7), 9.5887 (6), 23.7276 (14)
V (Å³)	2895.0 (3)
Z	8
Radiation type	Mo Kα
μ (mm⁻¹)	0.09
Crystal size (mm)	0.52 × 0.10 × 0.04

Data collection
Diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB PRO
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Rigaku OD, 2018 $[Rigaku OD (2018). CrysAlis PRO. Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, Yarnton, England.]$ )
T_min, T_max	0.390, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	16885, 3499, 2640
R_int	0.036
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.682

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.045, 0.118, 1.04
No. of reflections	3496
No. of parameters	207
H-atom treatment	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.20, −0.21
Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2018 $[Rigaku OD (2018). CrysAlis PRO. Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, Yarnton, England.]$ ), SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015a ) and SHELXL2018/3 (Sheldrick, 2015b ).

Supporting information

CCDC reference: 1976883

Crystal structure: contains datablocks I, global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989020004284/lh5952sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989020004284/lh5952Isup2.hkl

Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989020004284/lh5952Isup3.cdx

Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989020004284/lh5952Isup4.cml

checkCIF report

Computing details top

Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2018); cell refinement: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2018); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2018); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015a); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2018/3 (Sheldrick, 2015b).

2-(2,3-Dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol top

Crystal data top

C₁₈H₁₆N₂O₂	D_x = 1.341 Mg m⁻³
M_r = 292.33	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Orthorhombic, Pbca	Cell parameters from 6789 reflections
a = 12.7245 (7) Å	θ = 3.2–28.1°
b = 9.5887 (6) Å	µ = 0.09 mm⁻¹
c = 23.7276 (14) Å	T = 293 K
V = 2895.0 (3) Å³	Elongated platelet, brown
Z = 8	0.52 × 0.10 × 0.04 mm
F(000) = 1232

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB PRO diffractometer	3499 independent reflections
Radiation source: micro-focus sealed X-ray tube, Rigaku micromax 003	2640 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Rigaku Integrated Confocal MaxFlux double bounce multi-layer mirror optics monochromator	R_int = 0.036
Detector resolution: 5.811 pixels mm^-1	θ_max = 29.0°, θ_min = 2.4°
ω scans	h = −16→14
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlisPro; Rigaku OD, 2018)	k = −12→13
T_min = 0.390, T_max = 1.000	l = −30→30
16885 measured reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	Primary atom site location: other
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.045	Hydrogen site location: mixed
wR(F²) = 0.118	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.04	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0609P)² + 0.4131P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
3496 reflections	(Δ/σ)_max = 0.001
207 parameters	Δρ_max = 0.20 e Å⁻³
0 restraints	Δρ_min = −0.21 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
O1	0.73352 (7)	0.23966 (10)	0.63178 (4)	0.0437 (2)
H1O	0.731483	0.294081	0.658419	0.066*
N1	0.52935 (9)	0.35194 (11)	0.70590 (5)	0.0395 (3)
H1N	0.4730 (12)	0.3089 (15)	0.6946 (6)	0.047*
C1	0.57436 (10)	0.44289 (13)	0.66329 (5)	0.0373 (3)
H1	0.532216	0.528041	0.659972	0.045*
O2	0.72915 (8)	0.09678 (11)	0.53981 (4)	0.0519 (3)
N2	0.68133 (8)	0.47793 (11)	0.68254 (4)	0.0379 (3)
H2N	0.7113 (11)	0.5331 (16)	0.6587 (6)	0.045*
C2	0.57650 (10)	0.36729 (13)	0.60760 (5)	0.0363 (3)
C3	0.65312 (9)	0.26779 (12)	0.59586 (5)	0.0346 (3)
C4	0.64940 (10)	0.19120 (13)	0.54596 (5)	0.0383 (3)
C5	0.56894 (11)	0.21405 (14)	0.50790 (6)	0.0449 (3)
H5	0.566134	0.163263	0.474546	0.054*
C6	0.49246 (11)	0.31282 (15)	0.51959 (6)	0.0500 (4)
H6	0.438253	0.327981	0.494027	0.060*
C9	0.52580 (9)	0.40296 (12)	0.76054 (5)	0.0346 (3)
C7	0.49623 (11)	0.38823 (14)	0.56858 (6)	0.0458 (3)
H7	0.444503	0.454306	0.575894	0.055*
C8	0.72720 (13)	0.01056 (17)	0.49174 (7)	0.0603 (4)
H8A	0.788077	−0.048578	0.491698	0.090*
H8B	0.727304	0.067394	0.458433	0.090*
H8C	0.664899	−0.045880	0.492341	0.090*
C10	0.60767 (9)	0.49588 (12)	0.77664 (5)	0.0335 (3)
C11	0.68804 (9)	0.53139 (12)	0.73789 (5)	0.0347 (3)
C12	0.77148 (11)	0.61181 (14)	0.75512 (6)	0.0441 (3)
H12	0.825905	0.631841	0.730241	0.053*
C13	0.77415 (12)	0.66349 (15)	0.81036 (6)	0.0506 (4)
H13	0.830410	0.718819	0.821577	0.061*
C14	0.69668 (12)	0.63475 (14)	0.84781 (6)	0.0479 (3)
H14	0.699244	0.673103	0.883784	0.057*
C15	0.61190 (10)	0.54681 (13)	0.83261 (5)	0.0384 (3)
C16	0.53296 (10)	0.50546 (15)	0.87065 (6)	0.0451 (3)
H16	0.532878	0.540825	0.907150	0.054*
C17	0.45685 (11)	0.41435 (16)	0.85456 (6)	0.0498 (4)
H17	0.406633	0.386074	0.880644	0.060*
C18	0.45257 (10)	0.36232 (15)	0.79961 (6)	0.0445 (3)
H18	0.399877	0.299926	0.789503	0.053*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
O1	0.0417 (5)	0.0466 (5)	0.0427 (5)	0.0082 (4)	−0.0125 (4)	−0.0068 (4)
N1	0.0352 (6)	0.0420 (6)	0.0412 (6)	−0.0088 (5)	0.0001 (4)	−0.0046 (5)
C1	0.0358 (7)	0.0346 (6)	0.0416 (7)	0.0020 (5)	−0.0025 (5)	0.0001 (5)
O2	0.0499 (6)	0.0560 (6)	0.0499 (6)	0.0108 (5)	−0.0044 (4)	−0.0146 (5)
N2	0.0378 (6)	0.0389 (6)	0.0370 (6)	−0.0084 (5)	0.0024 (4)	0.0003 (4)
C2	0.0382 (6)	0.0346 (6)	0.0361 (6)	−0.0014 (5)	−0.0029 (5)	0.0039 (5)
C3	0.0336 (6)	0.0356 (6)	0.0347 (6)	−0.0029 (5)	−0.0035 (5)	0.0048 (5)
C4	0.0380 (7)	0.0381 (6)	0.0387 (7)	−0.0015 (5)	0.0007 (5)	0.0012 (5)
C5	0.0510 (8)	0.0482 (8)	0.0354 (7)	−0.0046 (6)	−0.0051 (6)	−0.0013 (6)
C6	0.0500 (8)	0.0550 (8)	0.0451 (8)	0.0023 (7)	−0.0163 (6)	0.0049 (7)
C9	0.0309 (6)	0.0339 (6)	0.0389 (7)	0.0033 (5)	−0.0009 (5)	0.0000 (5)
C7	0.0439 (7)	0.0458 (7)	0.0476 (8)	0.0072 (6)	−0.0095 (6)	0.0021 (6)
C8	0.0658 (10)	0.0599 (10)	0.0551 (9)	0.0081 (8)	0.0010 (7)	−0.0165 (8)
C10	0.0336 (6)	0.0298 (6)	0.0372 (6)	0.0032 (5)	−0.0017 (5)	0.0027 (5)
C11	0.0371 (6)	0.0300 (6)	0.0371 (6)	−0.0005 (5)	−0.0010 (5)	0.0020 (5)
C12	0.0431 (7)	0.0437 (7)	0.0454 (7)	−0.0106 (6)	−0.0011 (6)	0.0032 (6)
C13	0.0550 (9)	0.0468 (8)	0.0499 (8)	−0.0182 (7)	−0.0099 (6)	0.0010 (7)
C14	0.0599 (9)	0.0446 (7)	0.0392 (7)	−0.0069 (7)	−0.0064 (6)	−0.0033 (6)
C15	0.0414 (7)	0.0355 (6)	0.0384 (7)	0.0047 (5)	−0.0030 (5)	0.0016 (5)
C16	0.0445 (7)	0.0547 (8)	0.0362 (7)	0.0053 (6)	0.0017 (5)	−0.0019 (6)
C17	0.0380 (7)	0.0662 (9)	0.0452 (8)	0.0001 (7)	0.0079 (6)	0.0039 (7)
C18	0.0328 (7)	0.0502 (8)	0.0504 (8)	−0.0046 (6)	0.0027 (6)	−0.0005 (6)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

O1—C3	1.3587 (14)	C9—C10	1.4230 (17)
O1—H1O	0.8200	C7—H7	0.9300
N1—C9	1.3865 (16)	C8—H8A	0.9600
N1—C1	1.4529 (17)	C8—H8B	0.9600
N1—H1N	0.870 (15)	C8—H8C	0.9600
C1—N2	1.4745 (16)	C10—C15	1.4161 (17)
C1—C2	1.5074 (17)	C10—C11	1.4168 (16)
C1—H1	0.9800	C11—C12	1.3744 (18)
O2—C4	1.3677 (15)	C12—C13	1.4017 (19)
O2—C8	1.4088 (17)	C12—H12	0.9300
N2—C11	1.4124 (16)	C13—C14	1.355 (2)
N2—H2N	0.864 (15)	C13—H13	0.9300
C2—C3	1.3922 (17)	C14—C15	1.4160 (19)
C2—C7	1.3930 (17)	C14—H14	0.9300
C3—C4	1.3942 (17)	C15—C16	1.4074 (18)
C4—C5	1.3826 (18)	C16—C17	1.359 (2)
C5—C6	1.386 (2)	C16—H16	0.9300
C5—H5	0.9300	C17—C18	1.397 (2)
C6—C7	1.370 (2)	C17—H17	0.9300
C6—H6	0.9300	C18—H18	0.9300
C9—C18	1.3710 (17)

O1···O2	2.5772 (14)	C5···H8Aⁱ	2.94
O1···N2	2.6668 (14)	C5···H8B	2.72
C12···O1ⁱ	3.1736 (17)	C5···H8C	2.80
C17···O1ⁱⁱ	3.3145 (17)	C8···H5	2.55
C11···O1ⁱ	3.3650 (15)	H13···C9ⁱ	2.93
N2···O1ⁱ	2.9867 (14)	H13···C10ⁱ	2.97
H2N···O1ⁱ	2.196 (15)	C10···H1	2.95
H18···O1ⁱⁱ	2.88	C12···H1Oⁱ	2.88
H12···O1ⁱ	2.66	H1···H7	2.39
H17···O1ⁱⁱ	2.63	H1N···H18	2.44
O2···H6ⁱⁱⁱ	2.87	H1O···H2N	2.31
N1···H1O	2.86	H17···H1Oⁱⁱ	2.57
H12···N1ⁱ	2.86	H18···H1Oⁱⁱ	2.47
N2···H1O	1.96	H2N···H12	2.43
C18···C12ⁱⁱ	3.567 (2)	H5···H8B	2.28
C1···H1O	2.46	H5···H8C	2.40
C4···H8Aⁱ	2.92	H14···H16	2.53

C3—O1—H1O	109.5	C2—C7—H7	119.5
C9—N1—C1	116.86 (10)	O2—C8—H8A	109.5
C9—N1—H1N	115.4 (10)	O2—C8—H8B	109.5
C1—N1—H1N	113.3 (10)	H8A—C8—H8B	109.5
N1—C1—N2	106.56 (10)	O2—C8—H8C	109.5
N1—C1—C2	109.17 (10)	H8A—C8—H8C	109.5
N2—C1—C2	111.38 (10)	H8B—C8—H8C	109.5
N1—C1—H1	109.9	C15—C10—C11	119.89 (11)
N2—C1—H1	109.9	C15—C10—C9	119.70 (11)
C2—C1—H1	109.9	C11—C10—C9	120.31 (11)
C4—O2—C8	117.50 (11)	C12—C11—N2	121.79 (11)
C11—N2—C1	115.25 (10)	C12—C11—C10	119.96 (11)
C11—N2—H2N	111.1 (10)	N2—C11—C10	118.20 (10)
C1—N2—H2N	110.1 (10)	C11—C12—C13	119.68 (12)
C3—C2—C7	118.64 (12)	C11—C12—H12	120.2
C3—C2—C1	121.17 (11)	C13—C12—H12	120.2
C7—C2—C1	120.00 (11)	C14—C13—C12	121.57 (13)
O1—C3—C2	122.54 (11)	C14—C13—H13	119.2
O1—C3—C4	116.99 (11)	C12—C13—H13	119.2
C2—C3—C4	120.47 (11)	C13—C14—C15	120.54 (12)
O2—C4—C5	125.78 (12)	C13—C14—H14	119.7
O2—C4—C3	114.47 (11)	C15—C14—H14	119.7
C5—C4—C3	119.75 (12)	C16—C15—C14	123.25 (12)
C4—C5—C6	119.84 (12)	C16—C15—C10	118.50 (12)
C4—C5—H5	120.1	C14—C15—C10	118.24 (12)
C6—C5—H5	120.1	C17—C16—C15	120.63 (13)
C7—C6—C5	120.39 (12)	C17—C16—H16	119.7
C7—C6—H6	119.8	C15—C16—H16	119.7
C5—C6—H6	119.8	C16—C17—C18	121.31 (13)
C18—C9—N1	123.65 (12)	C16—C17—H17	119.3
C18—C9—C10	119.61 (12)	C18—C17—H17	119.3
N1—C9—C10	116.62 (11)	C9—C18—C17	120.20 (13)
C6—C7—C2	120.90 (13)	C9—C18—H18	119.9
C6—C7—H7	119.5	C17—C18—H18	119.9

C9—N1—C1—N2	56.76 (13)	C18—C9—C10—C15	−0.81 (17)
C9—N1—C1—C2	177.15 (10)	N1—C9—C10—C15	−176.97 (10)
N1—C1—N2—C11	−52.57 (13)	C18—C9—C10—C11	175.67 (11)
C2—C1—N2—C11	−171.54 (10)	N1—C9—C10—C11	−0.50 (16)
N1—C1—C2—C3	−78.14 (14)	C1—N2—C11—C12	−157.13 (12)
N2—C1—C2—C3	39.26 (16)	C1—N2—C11—C10	25.13 (15)
N1—C1—C2—C7	96.72 (13)	C15—C10—C11—C12	1.88 (17)
N2—C1—C2—C7	−145.88 (12)	C9—C10—C11—C12	−174.59 (11)
C7—C2—C3—O1	−179.32 (11)	C15—C10—C11—N2	179.66 (10)
C1—C2—C3—O1	−4.39 (18)	C9—C10—C11—N2	3.19 (17)
C7—C2—C3—C4	0.17 (18)	N2—C11—C12—C13	179.45 (12)
C1—C2—C3—C4	175.10 (11)	C10—C11—C12—C13	−2.86 (19)
C8—O2—C4—C5	−2.9 (2)	C11—C12—C13—C14	0.8 (2)
C8—O2—C4—C3	176.72 (12)	C12—C13—C14—C15	2.2 (2)
O1—C3—C4—O2	−0.28 (16)	C13—C14—C15—C16	175.57 (13)
C2—C3—C4—O2	−179.80 (11)	C13—C14—C15—C10	−3.1 (2)
O1—C3—C4—C5	179.39 (12)	C11—C10—C15—C16	−177.68 (11)
C2—C3—C4—C5	−0.13 (18)	C9—C10—C15—C16	−1.19 (17)
O2—C4—C5—C6	179.60 (12)	C11—C10—C15—C14	1.09 (17)
C3—C4—C5—C6	0.0 (2)	C9—C10—C15—C14	177.58 (11)
C4—C5—C6—C7	0.2 (2)	C14—C15—C16—C17	−176.13 (13)
C1—N1—C9—C18	152.51 (12)	C10—C15—C16—C17	2.57 (19)
C1—N1—C9—C10	−31.50 (15)	C15—C16—C17—C18	−2.0 (2)
C5—C6—C7—C2	−0.1 (2)	N1—C9—C18—C17	177.36 (12)
C3—C2—C7—C6	−0.1 (2)	C10—C9—C18—C17	1.5 (2)
C1—C2—C7—C6	−175.04 (13)	C16—C17—C18—C9	−0.1 (2)

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+3/2, y+1/2, z; (ii) x−1/2, y, −z+3/2; (iii) x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z+1.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

Cg1 and Cg4 are the centroids of rings A (C2–C7) and D (C9/C10/C15–C18), respectively.

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O1—H1O···N2	0.82	1.96	2.6667 (14)	144
N2—H2N···O1ⁱ	0.864 (15)	2.196 (15)	2.9870 (14)	152.2 (13)
C8—H8A···Cg1^iv	0.96	2.82	3.6580 (17)	146
C13—H13···Cg4ⁱ	0.93	2.87	3.7336 (16)	155
C16—H16···Cg1^v	0.93	2.87	3.4880 (15)	125

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+3/2, y+1/2, z; (iv) x, −y−1/2, z−1/2; (v) x+1/2, −y−1/2, −z.

Comparison of selected (X-ray and DFT) geometric data (Å, °) top

Bonds/angles	X-ray	B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)
O1—C3	1.3587 (14)	1.38948
O1—H1O	0.82	0.97611
N1—C9	1.3865 (16)	1.39921
N1—C1	1.4529 (17)	1.47118
N1—H1N	0.870 (15)	0.90721
C1—N2	1.4745 (16)	1.47531
C1—C2	1.5074 (17)	1.51309
O2—C4	1.3677 (15)	1.40231
O2—C8	1.4088 (17)	1.45201
N2—C11	1.4124 (16)	1.39016
N2—H2N	0.864 (15)	0.90717

C3—O1—H1O	109.5	109.04
C9—N1—C1	116.86 (10)	117.19
C9—N1—H1N	115.4 (10)	116.29
C1—N1—H1N	113.3 (10)	114.01
N1—C1—N2	106.56 (10)	106.87
N1—C1—C2	109.17 (10)	110.78
N2—C1—C2	111.38 (10)	110.82
N1—C1—H1	109.9	110.12
N2—C1—H1	109.9	109.09

Calculated energies top

Molecular Energy (a.u.) (eV)	Compound (I)
Total Energy TE (eV)	-26013
E_HOMO (eV)	-3.1985
E_LUMO (eV)	-0.5823
Gap, ΔE (eV)	2.6162
Dipole moment, µ (Debye)	7.0880
Ionisation potential, I (eV)	3.1985
Electron affinity, A	0.5823
Electronegativity, χ	1.8904
Hardness, η	1.3081
Electrophilicity index, ω	1.3660
Softness, σ	0.7645
Fraction of electrons transferred, ΔN	1.9530

Funding information

TH is grateful to the Hacettepe University Scientific Research Project Unit (grant No. 013 D04 602 004).

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