research communications
N,N-dimethylformamide-κO)iron(III) μ-chlorido-bis(trichloridocadmium)
of hexakis(aDepartment of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, and bSchool of Molecular Sciences, M310, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009, W.A., Australia
*Correspondence e-mail: vassilyeva@univ.kiev.ua
The title compound, [Fe(C3H7NO)6][Cd2Cl7], crystallizes in the trigonal R and is assembled from discrete [Fe(DMF)6]3+ cations (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) and [Cd2Cl7]3− anions. In the cation, the iron(III) atom, located on a special position of is coordinated by six oxygen atoms from DMF ligands with all Fe—O distances being equal [2.0072 (16) Å]. A slight distortion of the octahedral environment of the metal comes from the cis O—Fe—O angles deviating from the ideal value of 90° [86.85 (7) and 93.16 (7)°] whilst all the trans angles are strictly 180°. The central Cl atom of the [Cd2Cl7]3− anion is also located on a special position of and bridges two corner sharing, tetrahedrally coordinated CdII atoms. The two Cd atoms and the central Cl atom are colinear. The two sets of terminal chloride ligands on either side of the dumbbell-like anion are rotated relative to each other by 30°. In the crystal, the cations and anions, stacked one above the other along the c-axis direction, are held in place principally by electrostatic interactions. There are also C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O interactions, but these are rather weak. Of the six crystal structures reported to date for ionic salts of [Fe(DMF)6]n+ cations (n = 2, 3), five contain FeII ions. The title compound is the second example of a stable compound containing the [Fe(DMF)6]3+ cation. The existence of both [Fe(DMF)6]2+ and [Fe(DMF)6]3+ cations shows that the DMF ligand coordination sphere can accommodate changes in the charge and spin states of the metal centre.
Keywords: crystal structure; FeIII; ionic salt; N,N-dimethylformamide; polychloride dicadmium anion.
CCDC reference: 2110079
1. Chemical context
In our ongoing research into the new functions and applications of coordination compounds with Schiff-base ligands, we have utilized a synthetic scheme involving a zerovalent metal as the source of metal ions, together with another metal salt, in order to prepare new heterometallic complexes (Kokozay et al., 2018; Vassilyeva et al., 2018, 2021). In a typical procedure, the metal powder undergoes oxidative dissolution in air to generate metal ions that then interact with the second metal salt and pre-formed ligand. The condensation reaction between the Schiff-base precursors occurs in situ without isolation of the imine. Dioxygen from the air is reduced to form a water molecule with participation of protons donated by the imine, which is capable of deprotonation.
By using the above scheme, new homo- and heterometallic CoIII, CoIII/ZnII and CoIII/CdII complexes with a Schiff-base ligand derived from 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (o-vanillin) and the simple amine methylamine have been prepared (Nesterova et al., 2018, 2019). Comparative studies of their catalytic behaviours in oxidation reactions of with H2O2 and m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid were undertaken to elucidate the role of the second (inactive) metal centre (Cd) in the catalytic performance of the heterometallic compounds. Given the remarkable of the Schiff base FeIII metal complexes mimicking the Fe-containing enzymes that oxidize in nature (Nesterov et al., 2015), we decided to extend our work and replace the cobalt centre with iron in a heterometallic core supported by the above Schiff-base ligand.
To facilitate formation of the desired compound, an additional basic agent, N-phenyldiethanolamine, was introduced following the previous successful participation of diethanolamine in the formation of a mixed-ligand Schiff base NiII/ZnII dimer (Vassilyeva et al., 2021). In the latter compound, the deprotonated aminoalcohol molecules provide additional alkoxo-bridges between the metal centres. The use of aminoalcohol deprotonation in reactions employing zerovalent metals in the synthesis of heterometallics was established by a number of us several years ago (Vassilyeva et al., 1997; Buvaylo et al., 2005, 2012).
In the present work, the treatment of cadmium powder and FeCl3·6H2O with a solution of the in situ-formed Schiff base in open air worked a different way than expected and led to the isolation of the title compound, the mixed-metal ionic salt [FeIII(DMF)6][Cd2Cl7], (1), the identity of which was established by X-ray crystallography and confirmed by chemical analysis.
2. Structural commentary
Compound (1), [Fe(C3H7NO)6][Cd2Cl7], crystallizes in the trigonal R and is assembled from discrete [Fe(DMF)6]3+ cations (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) and [Cd2Cl7]3− anions. In the cation, the iron(III) atom sits on a special position of and is coordinated by six oxygen atoms from the DMF ligands with all the Fe—O bond lengths being equal at 2.0072 (16) Å (Fig. 1, Table 1). The octahedral environment of the metal is slightly distorted as a result of the cis O1—Fe1—O1 angles deviating from the ideal value of 90° [86.85 (7) and 93.16 (7)°] while all the trans angles are strictly 180°. The central Cl atom of the [Cd2Cl7]3− anion, Cl1, is also located on a special position of and bridges two corner-sharing, tetrahedrally coordinated CdII atoms. The two Cd atoms and the central Cl atom are colinear (Cd1—Cl1—Cd1vi angle = 180°) and the bridging Cd1⋯Cd1vi distance is 5.0752 (3) Å (Fig. 1). The two sets of terminal chloride ligands, Cl2, on either side of the dumbbell–like anion are rotated relative to each other by 30°. Around each Cd atom, the bridging Cd—Cl1 distance at 2.5377 (3) Å is 0.1 Å longer than that of the terminal Cd—Cl2 distance (2.4358 (5) Å) and the Cl2—Cd1—Cl1 and Cl2—Cd1—Cl2i angles are 107.547 (14) and 111.325 (13)°, respectively, which are very close to the ideal value of 109°. The bond lengths and angles of the DMF ligands are similar to those found in [Fe(DMF)6](ClO4)3 (Houlton et al., 2015).
3. Supramolecular features
In the crystal, the cations and anions are stacked one above the other along the c-axis direction (Fig. 2). Although classical hydrogen bonds are absent, several weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl interactions are detected in the structure [C1—H1⋯Cl2i, 3.772 (3) Å; C12—H123⋯Cl12vii, 3.783 (3) Å and C1—H1⋯O1i, 3.097 (3) Å]. The minimum H⋯O distance (H1⋯Oi) between DMF molecules within the same cation is 2.62 (3) Å and the shortest distance between Cl atoms of the anions and adjacent H atoms of DMF methyl groups (H123⋯Cl2vii) is 2.82 Å (Table 2), implying that the halide ions act as weak hydrogen-bond acceptors.
4. Database survey
A survey of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, Version 5.42, update May 2021; Groom et al., 2016) reveals six ionic salts containing octahedral [Fe(DMF)6]n+ (n = 2, 3) cations. Five of the structures contain FeII ions, which crystallize in the presence of the counter-anions [FeCl4]2− (CALMOS01; Cheaib et al., 2013), [FeCl2S4W]2−(CUSNOT; Coucouvanis et al., 1984), [Mo2S6]2− (DEZMIF; Li et al., 2007), [Fe2Cl4S2]2− (VAMFIY; Müller et al., 1989) and ClO4− (GAZGET; Baumgartner, 1986). The only example to date containing the FeIII cation, [Fe(DMF)6]3+, is found as the perchlorate salt (DMFAFE01; Houlton et al., 2015).
In the pair of perchlorate salts, the FeII and FeIII ions are easily distinguishable by their dissimilar Fe—O bond distances that vary in the ranges 2.08–2.11 and 1.9869 (15)–1.9985 (14) Å for [Fe(DMF)6](ClO4)2 (GAZGET) and [Fe(DMF)6](ClO4)3 (DMFAFE01), respectively. Both Fe-based octahedra are only slightly distorted with cis bond angles in the ranges 86.3–93.7° (GAZGET) and 88.57 (6)–91.43 (6)° (DMFAFE01), while all the trans angles are equal to the ideal value of 180°. The geometric parameters of the [Fe(DMF)6]3+ cation in the title compound, (1), are very close to those found in [Fe(DMF)6](ClO4)3 (DMFAFE01) with slight differences arising due to the different counter-anions present. The existence of both [Fe(DMF)6]2+ and [Fe(DMF)6]3+ cations shows that the DMF ligand coordination sphere can accommodate changes in the charge and spin states of the metal centre.
Considering the anion found in (1), there are six more examples of [Cd2Cl7]3− anions in the CSD [LOVLUF (Chen et al., 2014); MANBIP and MANCAI (Shen et al., 2017); NIZXUR (Zhou et al., 2014); WEYLUJ (Sharma et al., 2012) and YAYFIQ (Cui et al., 2017)] with different degrees of distorted tetrahedral geometry around the Cd atoms and a Cd—Cl—Cd angle ranging from 103.92 (4)° in [Co(phen)3][Cd2Cl7]·3H2O (WEYLUJ) to 180° in (1). The Cd⋯Cd distance of 3.9983 (5) Å in the `bent' structure is significantly lower than that found in (1) [5.0752 (3) Å], showing conformational flexibility of the polychloride dicadmium anion to achieve shape complementarity to the counter-cation.
5. Synthesis and crystallization
2-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (0.3 g, 2 mmol) was stirred magnetically with CH3NH2·HCl (0.14 g, 2 mmol) and N-phenyldiethanolamine (0.36 g, 2 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) in a 50 mL conical flask at 303 K for 20 min. A fine Cd powder (0.11 g, 1 mmol) and dry FeCl3·6H2O (0.27 g, 1 mmol) were introduced to the flask, and the mixture was kept stirring at 333 K to achieve dissolution of the zerovalent metal (1 h). The resulting dark blue–green solution was then filtered and allowed to evaporate at room temperature. After a week, the solution was diluted with DMF (7 mL) since it was thickening and filtered again. Dark-green octahedral crystals of (1) formed over two months after successive addition of PriOH (4 mL) and diethyl ether (4 mL) in several portions. The crystals were filtered off, washed with diethyl ether and finally dried in air. Yield (based on Fe): 0.13 g (64%). Analysis calculated for C18H42FeN6O6Cd2Cl7 (967.37): C 22.35, H 4.38, N 8.69%. Found: C 22.86, H 4.30, C 8.36%.
6. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure . Anisotropic displacement parameters were refined for all non-hydrogen atoms. All the carbon-bound hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and refined using a riding model with isotropic displacement parameters based on those of the parent atom [C—H = 0.95 Å, Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) for CH and C—H = 0.98 Å, Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for CH3].
details are summarized in Table 3Supporting information
CCDC reference: 2110079
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989021009580/cq2046sup1.cif
contains datablock I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989021009580/cq2046Isup2.hkl
Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2015); cell
CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2015); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2015); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015a); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2014/7 (Sheldrick, 2015b); molecular graphics: Mercury (Macrae et al., 2020); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL2014/7 (Sheldrick, 2015b).[Fe(C3H7NO)6][Cd2Cl7] | Dx = 1.834 Mg m−3 |
Mr = 967.37 | Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å |
Trigonal, R3 | Cell parameters from 9616 reflections |
a = 13.7143 (2) Å | θ = 4.6–67.0° |
c = 16.1312 (2) Å | µ = 18.18 mm−1 |
V = 2627.51 (5) Å3 | T = 100 K |
Z = 3 | Octahedral, dark green |
F(000) = 1443 | 0.06 × 0.05 × 0.05 mm |
Oxford Diffraction Gemini-R Ultra, Ruby CCD diffractometer | 1051 independent reflections |
Radiation source: Enhance (Cu) X-ray Source | 980 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Mirror monochromator | Rint = 0.038 |
Detector resolution: 10.4738 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 67.2°, θmin = 4.6° |
ω scans | h = −16→15 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlisPro; Rigaku OD, 2015) | k = −16→16 |
Tmin = 0.760, Tmax = 1.0 | l = −19→19 |
16143 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | 0 restraints |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: mixed |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.020 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
wR(F2) = 0.057 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0422P)2 + 4.220P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.00 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
1051 reflections | Δρmax = 0.79 e Å−3 |
67 parameters | Δρmin = −0.33 e Å−3 |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Cd1 | 0.3333 | 0.6667 | 0.32398 (2) | 0.01664 (12) | |
Fe1 | 0.3333 | 0.6667 | 0.6667 | 0.0139 (2) | |
O1 | 0.47367 (14) | 0.75401 (14) | 0.59890 (10) | 0.0200 (4) | |
N1 | 0.59569 (16) | 0.90250 (17) | 0.52091 (12) | 0.0187 (4) | |
C1 | 0.4941 (2) | 0.8248 (2) | 0.54225 (15) | 0.0191 (5) | |
H1 | 0.431 (2) | 0.819 (2) | 0.5111 (17) | 0.023* | |
C11 | 0.6967 (2) | 0.9151 (2) | 0.56042 (17) | 0.0257 (6) | |
H113 | 0.7392 | 0.9902 | 0.5852 | 0.039* | |
H111 | 0.7435 | 0.9055 | 0.5189 | 0.039* | |
H112 | 0.6754 | 0.8579 | 0.6038 | 0.039* | |
C12 | 0.6127 (2) | 0.9772 (2) | 0.45107 (16) | 0.0244 (5) | |
H123 | 0.6547 | 0.9645 | 0.4073 | 0.037* | |
H121 | 0.6553 | 1.0557 | 0.4696 | 0.037* | |
H122 | 0.5394 | 0.9614 | 0.4295 | 0.037* | |
Cl1 | 0.3333 | 0.6667 | 0.1667 | 0.0233 (3) | |
Cl2 | 0.51428 (4) | 0.69293 (5) | 0.36951 (3) | 0.02102 (16) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cd1 | 0.01759 (14) | 0.01759 (14) | 0.01476 (17) | 0.00879 (7) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Fe1 | 0.0141 (3) | 0.0141 (3) | 0.0136 (4) | 0.00706 (14) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
O1 | 0.0207 (8) | 0.0213 (8) | 0.0183 (8) | 0.0107 (7) | 0.0051 (6) | 0.0042 (7) |
N1 | 0.0201 (10) | 0.0195 (10) | 0.0164 (10) | 0.0097 (8) | 0.0014 (8) | −0.0016 (8) |
C1 | 0.0214 (12) | 0.0210 (12) | 0.0159 (11) | 0.0114 (10) | −0.0012 (9) | −0.0029 (10) |
C11 | 0.0225 (13) | 0.0261 (13) | 0.0290 (14) | 0.0126 (11) | −0.0022 (10) | −0.0020 (11) |
C12 | 0.0248 (13) | 0.0267 (13) | 0.0217 (13) | 0.0129 (11) | 0.0041 (10) | 0.0036 (10) |
Cl1 | 0.0300 (5) | 0.0300 (5) | 0.0100 (6) | 0.0150 (2) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Cl2 | 0.0191 (3) | 0.0249 (3) | 0.0201 (3) | 0.0119 (2) | −0.0019 (2) | −0.0020 (2) |
Cd1—Cl2i | 2.4358 (5) | N1—C11 | 1.455 (3) |
Cd1—Cl2ii | 2.4358 (5) | N1—C12 | 1.461 (3) |
Cd1—Cl2 | 2.4358 (5) | C1—H1 | 0.97 (3) |
Cd1—Cl1 | 2.5377 (3) | C11—H113 | 0.9800 |
Fe1—O1iii | 2.0071 (16) | C11—H111 | 0.9800 |
Fe1—O1ii | 2.0072 (16) | C11—H112 | 0.9800 |
Fe1—O1i | 2.0072 (16) | C12—H123 | 0.9800 |
Fe1—O1 | 2.0072 (16) | C12—H121 | 0.9800 |
Fe1—O1iv | 2.0072 (16) | C12—H122 | 0.9800 |
Fe1—O1v | 2.0072 (16) | Cl1—Cd1vi | 2.5376 (3) |
O1—C1 | 1.258 (3) | Cd1—Cd1vi | 5.0752 (3) |
N1—C1 | 1.307 (3) | ||
Cl2i—Cd1—Cl2ii | 111.323 (13) | C1—O1—Fe1 | 129.31 (16) |
Cl2i—Cd1—Cl2 | 111.325 (13) | C1—N1—C11 | 123.0 (2) |
Cl2ii—Cd1—Cl2 | 111.324 (13) | C1—N1—C12 | 120.4 (2) |
Cl2i—Cd1—Cl1 | 107.547 (14) | C11—N1—C12 | 116.51 (19) |
Cl2ii—Cd1—Cl1 | 107.549 (14) | O1—C1—N1 | 123.8 (2) |
Cl2—Cd1—Cl1 | 107.547 (14) | O1—C1—H1 | 117.8 (17) |
O1iii—Fe1—O1ii | 86.85 (7) | N1—C1—H1 | 118.4 (17) |
O1iii—Fe1—O1i | 180.0 | N1—C11—H113 | 109.5 |
O1ii—Fe1—O1i | 93.16 (7) | N1—C11—H111 | 109.5 |
O1ii—Fe1—O1 | 93.15 (7) | H113—C11—H111 | 109.5 |
O1iii—Fe1—O1 | 86.84 (7) | N1—C11—H112 | 109.5 |
O1i—Fe1—O1 | 93.15 (7) | H113—C11—H112 | 109.5 |
O1iii—Fe1—O1iv | 93.16 (7) | H111—C11—H112 | 109.5 |
O1ii—Fe1—O1iv | 86.85 (7) | N1—C12—H123 | 109.5 |
O1i—Fe1—O1iv | 86.84 (7) | N1—C12—H121 | 109.5 |
O1—Fe1—O1iv | 180.0 | H123—C12—H121 | 109.5 |
O1iii—Fe1—O1v | 93.16 (7) | N1—C12—H122 | 109.5 |
O1ii—Fe1—O1v | 180.00 (8) | H123—C12—H122 | 109.5 |
O1i—Fe1—O1v | 86.84 (7) | H121—C12—H122 | 109.5 |
O1—Fe1—O1v | 86.85 (7) | Cd1vi—Cl1—Cd1 | 180.0 |
O1iv—Fe1—O1v | 93.15 (7) | ||
Fe1—O1—C1—N1 | 156.61 (17) | C12—N1—C1—O1 | 176.2 (2) |
C11—N1—C1—O1 | 0.4 (4) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −y+1, x−y+1, z; (ii) −x+y, −x+1, z; (iii) y−1/3, −x+y+1/3, −z+4/3; (iv) −x+2/3, −y+4/3, −z+4/3; (v) x−y+2/3, x+1/3, −z+4/3; (vi) −x+2/3, −y+4/3, −z+1/3. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C12—H123···Cl2vii | 0.98 | 2.82 | 3.783 (3) | 167 |
C1—H1···Cl2i | 0.97 (3) | 2.86 (3) | 3.772 (3) | 158 (2) |
C1—H1···O1i | 0.97 (3) | 2.62 (3) | 3.097 (3) | 111 (2) |
C12—H122···Cl2i | 0.98 | 2.94 | 3.861 (3) | 157 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −y+1, x−y+1, z; (vii) −x+4/3, −y+5/3, −z+2/3. |
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge use of the facilities and the scientific and technical assistance at the Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility at the Centre for Microscopy, Characterization & Analysis, The University of Western Australia. This facility is funded by the University, State and Commonwealth Governments.
Funding information
Funding for this research was provided by: Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (contract No. BF/30-2021).
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