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Structures of dicobalt and dinickel 4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ate di­hydroxide, M2(O2CC6H4C6H4CO2)(OH)2, M = Co and Ni, and di­ammonium 4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ate from powder diffraction data

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aDepartment of Chemistry, North Central College, 131 S. Loomis St., Naperville IL 60540, USA
*Correspondence e-mail: kaduk@polycrystallography.com

Edited by W. T. A. Harrison, University of Aberdeen, Scotland (Received 13 July 2022; accepted 20 September 2022; online 30 September 2022)

The triclinic structures of poly[(μ4-4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ato)di-μ-hydroxido-dicobalt], [Co2(C14H8O4)(OH)2]n, and poly[(μ4-4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ato)di-μ-hydroxido-dinickel], [Ni2(C14H8O4)(OH)2]n, were established using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. These structures, as well as that of poly[(μ4-4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ato)di-μ-hydroxido-dimanganese], [Mn2(C14H8O4)(OH)2]n, were optimized using density functional techniques. The structure of di­ammonium 4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ate, 2NH4+·C14H8O42−, was also solved using laboratory powder data. The Mn and Co compounds are isostructural: the octa­hedral MO6 groups share edges to form chains running parallel to the c-axis. These chains share corners (OH groups) to link into layers lying parallel to the bc plane. The hydroxyl groups do not participate in hydrogen bonds. The structure of (NH4)2BPDC consists of alternating layers of BPDC and ammonium ions lying parallel to the ab plane. Each hydrogen atom of the ammonium ions in (NH4)2BPDC participates in a strong N—H⋯O hydrogen bond.

1. Chemical context

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of compounds that have both organic (linker mol­ecule) and inorganic (metal node) components. MOFs are used in many applied areas of science, such as gas separation and catalysis, but often the crystal structures of these MOFs are not reported. Knowing the crystal structures of MOFs lets us understand them at a mol­ecular level as well as identify them more efficiently.

From an attempt to prepare a porous Co-BPDC (BPDC = 4,4′-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ate, C14H8O42–) MOF we obtained a dense Co-BPDC phase previously synthesized by Ipadeola & Ozoemena (2020[Ipadeola, A. K. & Ozoemena, K. I. (2020). RSC Adv. 10, 17359-17368.]). They reported a powder pattern, but did not otherwise characterize the compound, as it was decomposed to make nano-Co3O4. Their XRD pattern was similar to ours, but they did not measure to a low-enough angle to observe the strongest peak of the pattern (Fig. 1[link]).

[Figure 1]
Figure 1
Comparison of the powder pattern of the Co2BPDC(OH)2 of this study (black) to that reported by Ipadeola & Ozoemena (2020[Ipadeola, A. K. & Ozoemena, K. I. (2020). RSC Adv. 10, 17359-17368.]; green). The literature pattern (measured using Cu Kα radiation) was digitized using UN-SCAN-IT (Silk Scientific, 2013[Silk Scientific (2013). UN-SCAN-IT. Silk Scientific Corporation, Orem, UT, USA.]), and converted to Mo Kα using JADE Pro (MDI, 2021[MDI (2021). JADE Pro. Materials Data, Livermore, CA, USA.]). Image generated using JADE Pro (MDI, 2021[MDI (2021). JADE Pro. Materials Data, Livermore, CA, USA.]).

The magnetic properties of Co2BPDC(OH)2 were studied by Kurmoo & Kumagai (2002[Kurmoo, M. & Kumagai, H. (2002). Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 376, 555-565.]) and an X-ray powder pattern was provided (Fig. 2[link]). They stated that the compound was isostructural to the analogous terephthalate. That structure was reported to crystallize in space group C2/m, which we believe to be incorrect (Markun et al., 2022[Markun, E. L., Jensen, D. A., Vegetabile, J. D. & Kaduk, J. A. (2022). Acta Cryst. E78, 584-589.]).

[Figure 2]
Figure 2
Comparison of the powder pattern of the Co2BPDC(OH)2 of this study (black) to that reported by Kurmoo & Kumagai (2002[Kurmoo, M. & Kumagai, H. (2002). Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 376, 555-565.]; green). The literature pattern (measured using Cu Kα radiation) was digitized using UN-SCAN-IT (Silk Scientific, 2013[Silk Scientific (2013). UN-SCAN-IT. Silk Scientific Corporation, Orem, UT, USA.]), and converted to Mo Kα using JADE Pro (MDI, 2021[MDI (2021). JADE Pro. Materials Data, Livermore, CA, USA.]). Image generated using JADE Pro (MDI, 2021[MDI (2021). JADE Pro. Materials Data, Livermore, CA, USA.]).

Most syntheses involving BPDC use H2BPDC and a base. We prepared di­ammonium 4,4-bi­phenyldi­carboxyl­ate as an alternative (and more soluble) reagent, characterized its crystal structure, and used it to prepare Ni2BPDC(OH)2.

[Scheme 1]
[Scheme 2]

2. Structural commentary

The X-ray powder patterns show that the M2BPDC(OH)2 phases for M = Mn, Co, and Ni are isostructural (Fig. 3[link]). The root-mean-square Cartesian displacements between the experimental (single crystal or Rietveld-refined) and DFT-optimized structures are 0.133, 0.264, and 0.563 Å for M = Mn, Co, and Ni, respectively (Figs. 4[link]–6[link][link]). The value for nickel is outside of the normal range for correct structures (van de Streek & Neumann, 2014[Streek, J. van de & Neumann, M. A. (2014). Acta Cryst. B70, 1020-1032.]). The behavior of the structure during various refinements and optimizations suggests that there might be alternate orientations of the BPDC ligand and alternate coordination of the Ni cations. Sorting out these details is not supported by the relatively poor diffraction data on the Ni compound. This discussion concentrates on the DFT-optimized structures.

[Figure 3]
Figure 3
Powder patterns of Mn2BPDC(OH)2 (calculated from CSD entry UBUPEQ; red) to the experimental patterns of Co2BPDC(OH)2 (green) and Ni2BPDC(OH)2 (black). The patterns were converted to Cu Kα using JADE Pro (MDI, 2021[MDI (2021). JADE Pro. Materials Data, Livermore, CA, USA.]). Image generated using JADE Pro (MDI, 2021[MDI (2021). JADE Pro. Materials Data, Livermore, CA, USA.]).
[Figure 4]
Figure 4
Comparison of the Rietveld-refined (red) and VASP-optimized (blue) structures of Mn2(BPDC)(OH)2. The r.m.s. Cartesian displacement is 0.133 Å. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., 2020[Macrae, C. F., Sovago, I., Cottrell, S. J., Galek, P. T. A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G. P., Stevens, J. S., Towler, M. & Wood, P. A. (2020). J. Appl. Cryst. 53, 226-235.]).
[Figure 5]
Figure 5
Comparison of the Rietveld-refined (red) and VASP-optimized (blue) structures of Co2(BPDC)(OH)2. The r.m.s. Cartesian displacement is 0.264 Å. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., 2020[Macrae, C. F., Sovago, I., Cottrell, S. J., Galek, P. T. A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G. P., Stevens, J. S., Towler, M. & Wood, P. A. (2020). J. Appl. Cryst. 53, 226-235.]).
[Figure 6]
Figure 6
Comparison of the Rietveld-refined (red) and VASP-optimized (blue) structures of Ni2(BPDC)(OH)2. The r.m.s. Cartesian displacement is 0.563 Å. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., 2020[Macrae, C. F., Sovago, I., Cottrell, S. J., Galek, P. T. A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G. P., Stevens, J. S., Towler, M. & Wood, P. A. (2020). J. Appl. Cryst. 53, 226-235.]).

All of the bond distances, angles, and torsion angles in the BPDC anions fall within the normal ranges indicated by a Mercury Mogul Geometry check (Macrae et al., 2020[Macrae, C. F., Sovago, I., Cottrell, S. J., Galek, P. T. A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G. P., Stevens, J. S., Towler, M. & Wood, P. A. (2020). J. Appl. Cryst. 53, 226-235.]). The O12—C11—C5—C6 torsion angles (which represent the twist of the carboxyl­ate group out of the phenyl ring plane) of −13.1, −14.1, and −6.6° for Mn, Co, and Ni, respectively, represent increases of conformational energy of approximately 1 kcal mol−1 (Kaduk et al., 1999[Kaduk, J. A., Golab, J. T. & Leusen, F. J. J. (1999). Cryst. Eng. 1, 277-290.]). These small increases can be easily overcome by energy gains in coordination to the metal ions. The C8—C10—C10—C1 torsion angles of 0.6, 0.6, and 0.1° indicate that the BPDC ligands are essentially planar. The approximate Miller planes of the benzene rings of the BPDC moieties are (238), (225) and (259) for Mn, Co, and Ni, respectively.

Unlike the metal complexes, in di­ammonium BPDC, the aromatic rings are nearly perpendicular (C2—C4—C11—C14 = 85.7°). One carboxyl­ate group lies nearly in the ring plane (O25—C21—C12—C15 = 4.6°), while the other (O24—C22—C6—C3 = 85.6°) is nearly perpendicular to its ring. The r.m.s. Cartesian displacement of the non-H atoms in the BPDC anion is 0.384 Å (Fig. 7[link]).

[Figure 7]
Figure 7
Comparison of the Rietveld-refined (red) and VASP-optimized (blue) structures of (NH4)2(BPDC). The r.m.s. Cartesian displacement is 0.384 Å. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., 2020[Macrae, C. F., Sovago, I., Cottrell, S. J., Galek, P. T. A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G. P., Stevens, J. S., Towler, M. & Wood, P. A. (2020). J. Appl. Cryst. 53, 226-235.]).

Analysis of the contributions to the total crystal energy of the structures using the Forcite module of Materials Studio (Dassault Systèmes, 2021[Dassault Systèmes (2021). Materials Studio. BIOVIA, San Diego, USA.]) suggests that bond and angle distortion terms dominate the intra­molecular deformation energy in all three metal compounds. The inter­molecular energy in all three compounds is dominated by electrostatic attractions, which represent the M—O coordinate bonds.

The density of states (DOS) calculated by VASP (Kresse & Furthmüller, 1996[Kresse, G. & Furthmüller, J. (1996). Comput. Mater. Sci. 6, 15-50.]) indicate that all three M-BPDC compounds are semiconductors, with band gaps of 1.695, 1.407 and 0.856 eV for Mn, Co and Ni respectively. Both the HOMO and LUMO consist mainly of metal d states. For Mn and Co, the DOS for the up and down spins differ, while for Ni they are very similar. Thus, the bonding in the Ni compound seems to be different than that in the other two.

A uniaxial microstrain model (100 as the unique axis) was used to model the peak profiles. The axial and equatorial microstrains for Co are 7.4 × 104 and 5.6 × 104 ppm, while those for Ni show a greater difference, at 1.1 × 105 and 1.5 × 104 ppm, respectively. This possibly indicates that the Ni compound also contains some alternate metal-ion coordinations (different orientations of the carboxyl groups). During some refinements of the Ni compound, the orientation of the carboxyl groups changed considerably, and/or the displacement coefficients became very large. The very broad peaks of the Ni powder pattern certainly limit the structural information that can be obtained.

The Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker (Bravais, 1866[Bravais, A. (1866). Etudes Cristallographiques. Paris: Gauthier Villars.], Friedel, 1907[Friedel, G. (1907). Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. 30, 326-455.]; Donnay & Harker, 1937[Donnay, J. D. H. & Harker, D. (1937). Am. Mineral. 22, 446-447.]) morphology suggests that we might expect a platy (with {100} as the major faces) morphology for the compounds. No preferred orientation correction model was necessary in the Co and Ni refinements.

3. Supra­molecular features

The Mn and Co compounds are isostructural (Fig. 8[link]). Both M14 and M15 exhibit an octa­hedral coordination, and occupy centers of symmetry. For M14, the coordination consists of trans carboxyl­ate O12 atoms and four equatorial hydroxyl groups. For M15 there are trans hydroxyl groups and four equatorial carboxyl­ate O13 atoms. The bond-valence sums are 1.94 and 2.09 for Mn and 1.80 and 1.85 for Co, in acceptable agreement with the expected values of 2.00. The carboxyl­ate O12 atom bonds to one M14, and O13 bridges two M15. The hydroxyl group O16 bridges two M14 and one M15.

[Figure 8]
Figure 8
Crystal structure of Co2(BPDC)(OH)2, viewed down the c-axis. Image generated using DIAMOND (Crystal Impact, 2022[Crystal Impact (2022). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. https://www.crystalimpact.de/diamond]).

The M14 octa­hedra share edges to form chains running parallel to the c-axis. The M15 octa­hedra also share edges to form chains parallel to the c-axis. These chains share corners (the O16 OH groups), linking into layers lying parallel to the bc plane. The hydroxyl groups do not participate in hydrogen bonds.

The coordination in the Ni compound is different from the other two (Fig. 9[link]). Ni14 is square planar, with trans carboxyl­ate O12 atoms and two trans hydroxyl groups. Ni15 is also square planar, with trans hydroxyl O16 and carboxyl­ate O13 atoms. Atom O12 is bonded to Ni14 (same), and O13 is bonded to Ni15 (different). Each carboxyl group bridges two metal atoms (not three), and the hydroxyl group O16 bridges one Ni14 and one Ni15. Both Ni ions share hydroxyl corners to form chains lying parallel to the [01[\overline{1}]] axis. The result is layers, but not connected (Fig. 10[link]).

[Figure 9]
Figure 9
Crystal structure of Ni2(BPDC)(OH)2, viewed down the c-axis. Image generated using DIAMOND (Crystal Impact, 2022[Crystal Impact (2022). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. https://www.crystalimpact.de/diamond]).
[Figure 10]
Figure 10
View of the discontinuous layers in Ni2(BPDC)(OH)2 down the a-axis. Image generated using DIAMOND (Crystal Impact, 2022[Crystal Impact (2022). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. https://www.crystalimpact.de/diamond]).

The structure of (NH4)2BPDC consists of alternating layers of BPDC dianions and ammonium cations lying parallel to the ab plane (Fig. 11[link]). As expected, each hydrogen atom of the ammonium ions in (NH4)2BPDC participates in a strong N—H⋯O hydrogen bond (Table 1[link]). The energies of these hydrogen bonds were calculated using the correlation of Wheatley & Kaduk (2019[Wheatley, A. M. & Kaduk, J. A. (2019). Powder Diffr. 34, 35-43.]).

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
N27—H29⋯O25i 1.05 1.88 2.907 167
N27—H30⋯O26ii 1.04 1.95 2.979 172
N27—H31⋯O24iii 1.06 1.62 2.650 162
N27—H32⋯O26iv 1.04 1.90 2.942 174
N28—H33⋯O23v 1.06 1.62 2.655 164
N28—H34⋯O26ii 1.04 2.00 3.007 164
N28—H35⋯O25i 1.04 1.88 2.904 169
N28—H36⋯O25 1.05 1.85 2.885 172
Symmetry codes: (i) [x-1, y, z]; (ii) [x, y-1, z+1]; (iii) [x-1, y, z+1]; (iv) [x-1, y-1, z+1]; (v) [x, y-1, z].
[Figure 11]
Figure 11
Crystal structure of (NH4)2(BPDC), viewed down the a-axis. Image generated using DIAMOND (Crystal Impact, 2022[Crystal Impact (2022). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. https://www.crystalimpact.de/diamond]). The hydrogen bonds are illustrated by heavy dashed lines.

4. Database survey

We attempted to solve the structure of Co2BPDC(OH)2 from the powder data without success. Previous searches of the Cambridge Structural Database [CSD version 5.43 June 2022 (Groom et al., 2016[Groom, C. R., Bruno, I. J., Lightfoot, M. P. & Ward, S. C. (2016). Acta Cryst. B72, 171-179.]); ConQuest 2022.2.0 (Bruno et al., 2002[Bruno, I. J., Cole, J. C., Edgington, P. R., Kessler, M., Macrae, C. F., McCabe, P., Pearson, J. & Taylor, R. (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 389-397.])] did not yield suitable analogues, but searches of CSD release 2021.3 using a BPDC fragment and the chemistry CHO and Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, or Mg only yielded a few hits, among which was Mn2BPDC(OH)2, refcode UBUPEQ (Sibille et al., 2021[Sibille, R., Mazet, T., Diop, L. V. B. & François, M. (2021). Acta Cryst. B77, 801-807.]). This compound has a similar powder pattern to our Co and Ni compounds (Fig. 3[link]), and provided a suitable starting model for Rietveld refinements.

5. Synthesis and crystallization

Cobalt(II) nitrate hexa­hydrate (0.4383 g, 1.5 mmol) and biphenyl-4,4′-di­carb­oxy­lic acid (0.3645 g, 1.5 mmol) were added to a flask with 1.5 ml of tri­ethyl­amine and ∼60 ml of di­methyl­formamide (DMF). The mixture was stirred on a hot plate (343 K) until the solution appeared to be homogenous (∼15 min). A 5 ml aliquot of this solution was transferred to a Pyrex microwave vial and heated using a CEM Discover microwave with power set to 150 W using a ramp time of 2 min to reach 423 K with a hold time of 30 min and inter­nal stirring off. Automatic cooling was turned off and the vial was left in the microwave until it cooled to 343 K. The solution was filtered using vacuum filtration and washed with DMF (10 ml). The remaining purple solid was dried in a vacuum oven at ∼343 K.

Nickel(II) acetate tetra­hydrate (0.0880 g, 0.35 mmol) and di­ammonium biphenyl-4,4′-di­carboxyl­ate (0.1278 g, 0.5 mmol) were added to a flask and ∼20 ml of DMF was added. The reaction was stirred on a hot plate (343 K) until solution appeared to be homogenous (∼15 min). A 5 ml aliquot of this solution was transferred to a Pyrex microwave vial and heated using a CEM Discover microwave with power set to 200 W using a ramp time of 5 min to reach 423 K with a hold time of 30 min and inter­nal stirring on high. Automatic cooling was turned on. The solution was filtered using vacuum filtration and washed with DMF (10 ml). The remaining green solid was dried in a vacuum oven at ∼343 K.

0.8990 g (4.1 mmol) of biphenyl-4,4′-di­carb­oxy­lic acid (Aldrich Lot #BCCF5104) were placed into a 50 ml beaker. About 50 ml of 15 M aqueous ammonia were placed in a 250 ml beaker, and the 50 ml beaker placed in the larger beaker. The large beaker was covered with a Petri dish, and allowed to stand at ambient conditions overnight. The white recovered solid weighed 1.0257 g, corresponding to the expected qu­anti­tative yield for (NH4)2BPDC.

6. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2[link].

Table 2
Experimental details

  Co2(O2CC6H4C6H4CO2)(OH)2 Ni2(O2CC6H4C6H4CO2)(OH)2 (NH4)2BPDC
Crystal data
Chemical formula [Co(C14H8O4)0.5(OH)] [Ni(C14H8O4)0.5(OH)] 2NH4+·C14H8O42−
Mr 392.09 391.63 276.29
Crystal system, space group Triclinic, P[\overline{1}] Triclinic, P[\overline{1}] Triclinic, P1
Temperature (K) 300 300 300
a, b, c (Å) 14.16 (5), 6.269 (3), 3.323 (4) 15.0 (11), 6.04 (12), 4.04 (9) 4.6770 (6), 5.2306 (14), 14.387 (6)
α, β, γ (°) 91.43 (2), 98.46 (7), 90.0 (3) 82.7 (2), 72.3 (8), 82 (2) 90.57 (7), 91.41 (4), 92.775 (11)
V3) 291.6 (2) 345 (2) 351.43 (17)
Z 1 1 1
Radiation type Kα1,2, λ = 0.70932, 0.71361 Å Kα1,2, λ = 1.54059, 1.54445 Å Kα1,2, λ = 0.70932, 0.71361 Å
Specimen shape, size (mm) Cylinder, 12 × 0.7 Flat sheet, 16 × 16 Cylinder, 12 × 0.7
 
Data collection
Diffractometer PANalytical Empyrean PANalytical X'Pert PANalytical Empyrean
Specimen mounting Glass capillary Si zero-background cell with well Glass capillary
Data collection mode Transmission Reflection Transmission
Scan method Step Step Step
2θ values (°) 2θmin = 1.002 2θmax = 49.991, 2θstep = 0.008 2θmin = 4.008 2θmax = 99.998, 2θstep = 0.017 2θmin = 1.008 2θmax = 49.982, 2θstep = 0.008
 
Refinement
R factors and goodness of fit Rp = 0.065, Rwp = 0.092, Rexp = 0.022, R(F2) = 0.11340, χ2 = 21.977 Rp = 0.042, Rwp = 0.059, Rexp = 0.011, R(F2) = 0.09176, χ2 = 30.426 Rp = 0.033, Rwp = 0.043, Rexp = 0.015, R(F2) = 0.09394, χ2 = 14.055
No. of parameters 49 47 93
No. of restraints 64 30 55
(Δ/σ)max 2.587 4.433 0.723
The same symmetry and lattice parameters were used for the DFT calculations as for each powder diffraction study. Computer program: GSAS-II (Toby & Von Dreele, 2013[Toby, B. H. & Von Dreele, R. B. (2013). J. Appl. Cryst. 46, 544-549.]).

The powder pattern of (NH4)2BPDC was indexed using DOCVOL14 (Louër & Boultif, 2014[Louër, D. & Boultif, A. (2014). Powder Diffr. 29, S7-S12.]). All attempts to solve and refine the structure in space group P[\overline{1}] were unsuccessful, so P1 was used. The structure was solved by Monte Carlo simulated-annealing techniques as implemented in EXPO2014 (Altomare et al., 2013[Altomare, A., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A., Rizzi, R., Corriero, N. & Falcicchio, A. (2013). J. Appl. Cryst. 46, 1231-1235.]), using a BPDC anion and two N atoms as fragments.

Rietveld refinements (Figs. 12[link]–14[link][link]) were carried out using GSAS-II (Toby & Von Dreele, 2013[Toby, B. H. & Von Dreele, R. B. (2013). J. Appl. Cryst. 46, 544-549.]). All non-H bond distances and angles in the BPDC dianion were subjected to restraints, based on a Mercury Mogul Geometry Check (Sykes et al., 2011[Sykes, R. A., McCabe, P., Allen, F. H., Battle, G. M., Bruno, I. J. & Wood, P. A. (2011). J. Appl. Cryst. 44, 882-886.]; Bruno et al., 2004[Bruno, I. J., Cole, J. C., Kessler, M., Luo, J., Motherwell, W. D. S., Purkis, L. H., Smith, B. R., Taylor, R., Cooper, R. I., Harris, S. E. & Orpen, A. G. (2004). J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 44, 2133-2144.]). The Mogul average and standard deviation for each qu­antity were used as the restraint parameters. The restraints contributed 0–2.3% to the final χ2. The Uiso parameters were grouped by chemical similarity: given the complex, low-symmetry structures and poor data quality, these values should be treated with caution. The Uiso for the H atoms were fixed at 1.3 × Uiso of the heavy atoms to which they are attached. The peak profiles were described using the generalized microstrain model and the backgrounds were modeled using a 3–12-term shifted Chebyshev polynomial. For Co, the value of μ·R used was 0.37. For the ammonium salt, no absorption correction was necessary. For Ni, the geometry was reflection, so no absorption correction was appropriate.

[Figure 12]
Figure 12
The Rietveld plot for the refinement of Co2BPDC(OH)2. The blue crosses represent the observed data points, and the green line is the calculated pattern. The cyan curve is the normalized error plot. The row of tick marks indicates the calculated reflection positions. The vertical scale has been multiplied by a factor of 4× for 2θ > 4.0°, and by a factor of 10× for 2θ > 22.0°.
[Figure 13]
Figure 13
The Rietveld plot for the refinement of Ni2BPDC(OH)2. The blue crosses represent the observed data points, and the green line is the calculated pattern. The cyan curve is the normalized error plot. The row of tick marks indicates the calculated reflection positions.
[Figure 14]
Figure 14
The Rietveld plot for the refinement of (NH4)2BPDC(OH)2. The blue crosses represent the observed data points, and the green line is the calculated pattern. The cyan curve is the normalized error plot. The row of tick marks indicates the calculated reflection positions.

The structures were optimized with density functional techniques using VASP (Kresse & Furthmüller, 1996[Kresse, G. & Furthmüller, J. (1996). Comput. Mater. Sci. 6, 15-50.]) (fixed experimental unit cells) through the MedeA graphical inter­face (Materials Design, 2016[Materials Design (2016). MedeA. Materials Design Inc., Angel Fire, NM, USA.]). The calculations were carried out on 16 2.4 GHz processors (each with 4 Gb RAM) of a 64-processor HP Proliant DL580 Generation 7 Linux cluster at North Central College. The calculations for Co and Ni were spin-polarized magnetic calculations, using the simplified LDSA+U approach, and UJ = 3.7 for Mn, Co and Ni. The calculations used the GGA-PBE functional, a plane wave cutoff energy of 400.0 eV, and a k-point spacing of 0.5 Å−1 leading to a 1 × 3 × 4 mesh.

Supporting information


Computing details top

Program(s) used to solve structure: DFT for Co_DFT, NH4_DFT. Program(s) used to refine structure: GSAS-II (Toby & Von Dreele, 2013) for Co_X, Ni_X, NH4_X.

Poly[(µ4-4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylato)di-µ-hydroxido-dicobalt] (Co_X) top
Crystal data top
[Co(C14H8O4)0.5(OH)]β = 98.46 (7)°
Mr = 392.09γ = 90.0 (3)°
Triclinic, P1V = 291.6 (2) Å3
Hall symbol: -P 1Z = 1
a = 14.16 (5) ÅDx = 2.233 Mg m3
b = 6.269 (3) Å Kα1,2 radiation, λ = 0.70932, 0.71361 Å
c = 3.323 (4) ÅT = 300 K
α = 91.43 (2)°cylinder, 12 × 0.7 mm
Data collection top
PANalytical Empyrean
diffractometer
Scan method: step
Specimen mounting: glass capillary2θmin = 1.002°, 2θmax = 49.991°, 2θstep = 0.008°
Data collection mode: transmission
Refinement top
Least-squares matrix: fullProfile function: Finger-Cox-Jephcoat function parameters U, V, W, X, Y, SH/L: peak variance(Gauss) = Utan(Th)2+Vtan(Th)+W: peak HW(Lorentz) = X/cos(Th)+Ytan(Th); SH/L = S/L+H/L U, V, W in (centideg)2, X & Y in centideg 30.816, 10.768, 0.000, 1.935, 0.000, 0.033,
Rp = 0.06549 parameters
Rwp = 0.092H-atom parameters not defined?
Rexp = 0.022(Δ/σ)max = 2.587
R(F2) = 0.11340Background function: Background function: "chebyschev-1" function with 4 terms: 1205(8), -655(9), 147(7), -88(6), Background peak parameters: pos, int, sig, gam: 11.72(4), 4.94(12)e5, 3.12(13)e4, 0.100,
5864 data pointsPreferred orientation correction: March-Dollase correction coef. = 1.000 axis = [0, 0, 1]
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C10.613 (3)0.625 (7)0.90 (3)0.26 (3)*
C30.704 (3)0.560 (8)0.84 (3)0.26 (3)*
C50.7409 (16)0.364 (3)0.97 (2)0.26 (3)*
C60.688 (3)0.233 (7)1.18 (3)0.26 (3)*
C80.594 (3)0.287 (11)1.23 (2)0.26 (3)*
C100.5516 (10)0.485 (9)1.077 (11)0.26 (3)*
C110.8397 (9)0.301 (2)0.895 (13)0.026 (13)*
O120.8581 (8)0.108 (3)0.890 (6)0.026 (13)*
O130.9031 (7)0.446 (2)0.938 (3)0.026 (13)*
H20.586660.795550.810880.3419*
H40.750030.668820.674010.3419*
H70.720540.079821.314270.3419*
H90.549820.174041.389760.3419*
O160.9611 (9)0.8112 (12)0.471 (3)0.0500*
H170.890310.810570.422720.0650*
Co141.000000.000001.000000.018 (3)*
Co151.000000.500000.500000.018 (3)*
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
C1—C31.399 (18)O12—C111.232 (10)
C1—C101.427 (15)O12—Co142.105 (9)
C3—C11.399 (18)O13—C111.272 (11)
C3—C51.389 (7)O16—H170.992 (13)
C5—C31.389 (7)O16—Co14ii2.098 (8)
C5—C61.385 (8)O16—Co14iii2.121 (8)
C5—C111.503 (8)O16—Co152.028 (8)
C6—C51.385 (8)H17—O160.992 (13)
C6—C81.41 (3)Co14—O122.105 (9)
C8—C61.41 (3)Co14—O12iv2.105 (9)
C8—C101.447 (15)Co14—O16v2.121 (8)
C10—C11.427 (15)Co14—O16vi2.098 (8)
C10—C81.447 (15)Co14—O16vii2.098 (8)
C10—C10i1.489 (5)Co14—O16viii2.121 (8)
C11—C51.503 (8)Co15—O162.028 (8)
C11—O121.232 (10)Co15—O16viii2.028 (8)
C11—O131.272 (11)
C3—C1—C10121.0 (6)C1—C10—C8116.0 (9)
C1—C3—C5121.4 (5)C1—C10—C10i114 (5)
C3—C5—C6119.5 (5)C8—C10—C10i124 (6)
C3—C5—C11119.9 (5)C5—C11—O12117.3 (8)
C6—C5—C11120.5 (6)C5—C11—O13117.1 (8)
C5—C6—C8120.5 (9)O12—C11—O13123.6 (10)
C6—C8—C10120.9 (10)
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y+1, z+2; (ii) x, y+1, z; (iii) x, y+1, z1; (iv) x+2, y, z+2; (v) x, y1, z+1; (vi) x, y1, z; (vii) x+2, y+1, z+2; (viii) x+2, y+1, z+1.
(Co_DFT) top
Crystal data top
C14H10Co2O6α = 91.80°
Mr = 392.09β = 99.44°
Triclinic, P1γ = 89.98°
a = 14.20000 ÅV = 302.23 Å3
b = 6.23720 ÅZ = 1
c = 3.46100 Å
Data collection top
h = l =
k =
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzBiso*/Beq
C10.615690.620160.89476
C30.709730.565350.88026
C50.740570.354980.94939
C60.676010.203381.04253
C80.582790.260431.06503
C100.549780.470000.98891
C110.840120.290620.92724
O120.858730.092060.91494
O130.902990.440770.92824
H20.593610.784130.83081
H40.760000.684830.81104
H70.701190.041011.10392
H90.535430.139711.15004
O160.959810.195910.47462
H170.890310.189430.42272
Co141.000000.000001.00000
Co151.000000.500000.50000
Poly[(µ4-4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylato)di-µ-hydroxido-dinickel] (Ni_X) top
Crystal data top
[Ni(C14H8O4)0.5(OH)]β = 72.3 (8)°
Mr = 391.63γ = 82 (2)°
Triclinic, P1V = 345 (2) Å3
Hall symbol: -P 1Z = 1
a = 15.0 (11) ÅDx = 1.883 Mg m3
b = 6.04 (12) Å Kα1,2 radiation, λ = 1.54059, 1.54445 Å
c = 4.04 (9) ÅT = 300 K
α = 82.7 (2)°flat_sheet, 16 × 16 mm
Data collection top
PANalytical X'Pert
diffractometer
Scan method: step
Specimen mounting: Si zero-background cell with well2θmin = 4.008°, 2θmax = 99.998°, 2θstep = 0.017°
Data collection mode: reflection
Refinement top
Least-squares matrix: full47 parameters
Rp = 0.04230 restraints
Rwp = 0.059H-atom parameters not defined?
Rexp = 0.011(Δ/σ)max = 4.433
R(F2) = 0.09176Background function: Background function: "chebyschev-1" function with 6 terms: 6.12(5)e3, -3.68(4)e3, 8.6(4)e2, 83(31), -134(21), 50(21),
5745 data pointsPreferred orientation correction: March-Dollase correction coef. = 1.000 axis = [0, 0, 1]
Profile function: Finger-Cox-Jephcoat function parameters U, V, W, X, Y, SH/L: peak variance(Gauss) = Utan(Th)2+Vtan(Th)+W: peak HW(Lorentz) = X/cos(Th)+Ytan(Th); SH/L = S/L+H/L U, V, W in (centideg)2, X & Y in centideg 5.186, -8.449, 5.755, 3.463, 0.000, 0.021,
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C10.620 (3)0.56 (4)0.23 (3)0.02 (4)*
C30.707 (2)0.51 (2)0.21 (3)0.02 (4)*
C50.7272 (18)0.38 (2)0.07 (2)0.02 (4)*
C60.653 (4)0.30 (3)0.34 (3)0.02 (4)*
C80.568 (2)0.322 (18)0.32 (2)0.02 (4)*
C100.546 (3)0.46 (3)0.02 (4)0.02 (4)*
C110.8370 (16)0.350 (15)0.074 (19)0.2200*
O120.873 (4)0.147 (19)0.13 (5)0.2200*
O130.897 (4)0.50 (2)0.066 (13)0.2200*
H20.603690.683680.444990.0500*
H40.767080.580560.438090.0500*
H70.666730.2101110.588220.0500*
H90.510340.2339930.524870.0500*
Ni141.000000.000000.000000.018 (14)*
O161.00 (2)0.179 (4)0.43 (2)0.1000*
H170.938290.171840.502340.1300*
Ni151.000000.500000.500000.018 (14)*
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
C1—C31.31 (2)C11—O131.311 (16)
C1—C101.39 (3)O12—C111.297 (10)
C3—C11.31 (2)O12—Ni141.942 (14)
C3—C51.396 (9)O13—C111.311 (16)
C5—C31.396 (9)O13—Ni151.953 (12)
C5—C61.404 (16)Ni14—O121.942 (14)
C5—C111.642 (12)Ni14—O12ii1.942 (14)
C6—C51.404 (16)Ni14—O161.927 (19)
C6—C81.31 (2)Ni14—O16ii1.927 (19)
C8—C61.31 (2)O16—Ni141.927 (19)
C8—C101.46 (2)O16—Ni15ii1.919 (13)
C10—C11.39 (3)Ni15—O131.953 (12)
C10—C81.46 (2)Ni15—O13iii1.953 (12)
C10—C10i1.464 (8)Ni15—O16iv1.919 (13)
C11—C51.642 (12)Ni15—O16ii1.919 (13)
C11—O121.297 (10)
C3—C1—C10122 (2)C1—C10—C8117.5 (18)
C1—C3—C5120.8 (6)C1—C10—C10i114 (5)
C3—C5—C6119.0 (9)C8—C10—C10i128 (8)
C5—C6—C8120.9 (19)O12—C11—O13115.7 (12)
C6—C8—C10119.7 (8)
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y+1, z; (ii) x+2, y, z; (iii) x+2, y+1, z1; (iv) x, y+1, z1.
(Ni_DFT) top
Crystal data top
C14H10Ni2O6α = 81.57°
Mr = 391.63β = 71.90°
Triclinic, P1γ = 81.90°
a = 15.10000 ÅV = 343.52 Å3
b = 6.05000 ÅZ = 1
c = 4.02000 Å
Data collection top
h = l =
k =
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzBiso*/Beq
C10.611470.636100.07671
C30.703130.583100.06941
C50.736670.362920.03127
C60.673290.199560.14026
C80.581300.253740.13082
C100.548110.471970.01398
C110.839070.311160.01437
O120.871530.111940.07915
O130.886250.478670.15724
H20.589880.809140.16146
H40.751090.712750.14925
H70.697100.028210.22559
H90.534780.120630.21394
Ni141.000000.000000.00000
O160.964160.189430.44560
H170.896730.166840.55127
Ni151.000000.500000.50000
(UBUPEQ_DFT) top
Crystal data top
C14H10Mn2O6α = 90.09°
Triclinic, P1β = 96.84°
a = 14.20370 Åγ = 91.71°
b = 6.47851 ÅV = 315.35 Å3
c = 3.45320 ÅZ = 2
Data collection top
h = l =
k =
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzBiso*/Beq
C10.620980.613700.92029
H10.603890.774290.86234
C20.714020.557070.91323
H20.767920.672530.85491
C30.739120.351040.97430
C40.669140.205990.05646
H30.689460.047070.11422
C50.576810.264600.07216
H40.525060.148400.14642
C60.549450.469450.99724
C70.836660.284960.94908
O10.852810.094020.92904
O20.903270.428160.95195
Mn11.000000.000000.00000
Mn21.000000.500000.50000
O30.955660.196180.47885
H170.8866190.190370.44315
Diammonium 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate (NH4_X) top
Crystal data top
2NH4+·C14H8O42β = 91.41 (4)°
Mr = 276.29γ = 92.775 (11)°
Triclinic, P1V = 351.43 (17) Å3
Hall symbol: P 1Z = 1
a = 4.6770 (6) ÅDx = 1.306 Mg m3
b = 5.2306 (14) Å Kα1,2 radiation, λ = 0.70932, 0.71361 Å
c = 14.387 (6) ÅT = 300 K
α = 90.57 (7)°cylinder, 12 × 0.7 mm
Data collection top
PANalytical Empyrean
diffractometer
Scan method: step
Specimen mounting: glass capillary2θmin = 1.008°, 2θmax = 49.982°, 2θstep = 0.008°
Data collection mode: transmission
Refinement top
Least-squares matrix: full93 parameters
Rp = 0.03355 restraints
Rwp = 0.043H-atom parameters not defined?
Rexp = 0.015(Δ/σ)max = 0.723
R(F2) = 0.09394Background function: Background function: "chebyschev-1" function with 4 terms: 3149(17), -491(16), 99(12), -147(15), Background peak parameters: pos, int, sig, gam: 12.38(8), 1.18(6)e6, 1.20(8)e5, 0.100,
5862 data pointsPreferred orientation correction: Simple spherical harmonic correction Order = 4 Coefficients: 0:0:C(2,-2) = 0.79(3); 0:0:C(2,-1) = 0.32(7); 0:0:C(2,0) = 0.330(31); 0:0:C(2,1) = 1.58(9); 0:0:C(2,2) = 0.88(4); 0:0:C(4,-4) = 0.33(7); 0:0:C(4,-3) = 1.02(5); 0:0:C(4,-2) = 0.65(6); 0:0:C(4,-1) = -0.39(8); 0:0:C(4,0) = -0.79(4); 0:0:C(4,1) = -0.01(9); 0:0:C(4,2) = 1.10(6); 0:0:C(4,3) = 0.79(8); 0:0:C(4,4) = -0.31(7)
Profile function: Finger-Cox-Jephcoat function parameters U, V, W, X, Y, SH/L: peak variance(Gauss) = Utan(Th)2+Vtan(Th)+W: peak HW(Lorentz) = X/cos(Th)+Ytan(Th); SH/L = S/L+H/L U, V, W in (centideg)2, X & Y in centideg 30.816, 10.768, 0.000, 1.935, 0.000, 0.033,
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
H10.562710.557480.049030.0500*
C20.726500.710070.072770.0042*
C31.092 (10)1.091 (7)0.1369 (14)0.0042*
C40.886 (5)0.858 (4)0.0073 (7)0.0042*
C50.759 (8)0.741 (7)0.1644 (4)0.0042*
C60.942 (5)0.928 (5)0.1987 (9)0.0042*
C71.068 (8)1.055 (6)0.0421 (13)0.0042*
H80.632740.609980.216060.0500*
H91.196661.185860.009010.0500*
H101.235361.254940.163910.0500*
C110.935 (5)0.754 (5)0.0884 (8)0.0042*
C121.040 (7)0.578 (6)0.2730 (11)0.0042*
C130.788 (12)0.847 (10)0.1638 (15)0.0042*
C141.140 (8)0.571 (9)0.1072 (12)0.0042*
C151.197 (11)0.490 (10)0.1986 (15)0.0042*
C160.833 (10)0.754 (9)0.2538 (12)0.0042*
H170.627411.001790.152950.0500*
H181.263050.485830.047870.0500*
H191.373640.350940.211560.0500*
H200.695280.825860.311940.0500*
C211.076 (7)0.480 (7)0.3737 (13)0.0566*
C220.944 (5)0.962 (6)0.3033 (10)0.0566*
O230.840 (7)0.413 (8)0.4081 (17)0.0566*
O240.969 (10)0.758 (7)0.3508 (14)0.0566*
O251.309 (7)0.371 (8)0.4015 (16)0.0566*
O260.762 (7)1.119 (7)0.3310 (18)0.0566*
N270.344751.288360.391680.0500*
H290.360011.439310.436950.0500*
H300.228781.137560.426060.0500*
H310.546821.232370.374050.0500*
H320.243381.344220.332650.0500*
N280.887140.855880.477160.0500*
H330.850370.660620.482790.0500*
H340.696090.944310.484490.0500*
H351.023200.917380.528390.0500*
H360.978930.901220.412980.0500*
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
C2—C41.392 (7)C16—C131.402 (7)
C2—C51.342 (6)C21—C121.550 (7)
C3—C61.379 (6)C21—O231.258 (9)
C3—C71.385 (6)C21—O251.310 (9)
C4—C21.392 (7)C22—C61.518 (7)
C4—C71.408 (7)C22—O241.269 (9)
C4—C111.501 (8)C22—O261.272 (9)
C5—C21.342 (6)O23—C211.258 (9)
C5—C61.373 (6)O24—C221.269 (9)
C6—C31.379 (6)O25—C211.310 (9)
C6—C51.373 (6)O26—C221.272 (9)
C6—C221.518 (7)N27—H291.0294
C7—C31.385 (6)N27—H301.0294
C7—C41.408 (7)N27—H311.0295
C11—C41.501 (8)N27—H321.0294
C11—C131.394 (8)H29—N271.0294
C11—C141.410 (7)H30—N271.0294
C12—C151.401 (6)H31—N271.0295
C12—C161.390 (6)H32—N271.0294
C12—C211.550 (7)N28—H331.0295
C13—C111.394 (8)N28—H341.0295
C13—C161.402 (7)N28—H351.0294
C14—C111.410 (7)N28—H361.0293
C14—C151.408 (6)H33—N281.0295
C15—C121.401 (6)H34—N281.0295
C15—C141.408 (6)H35—N281.0294
C16—C121.390 (6)H36—N281.0293
C4—C2—C5121.9 (4)C12—C16—C13121.6 (3)
C6—C3—C7119.9 (3)C12—C21—O23111.9 (7)
C2—C4—C7116.5 (4)C12—C21—O25121.5 (7)
C2—C4—C11119.4 (6)O23—C21—O25119.6 (8)
C7—C4—C11120.9 (6)C6—C22—O24115.6 (7)
C2—C5—C6121.7 (3)C6—C22—O26112.0 (7)
C3—C6—C5118.8 (4)O24—C22—O26118.2 (8)
C3—C6—C22123.5 (5)H29—N27—H30109.483
C5—C6—C22117.4 (5)H29—N27—H31109.476
C3—C7—C4121.0 (4)H30—N27—H31109.464
C4—C11—C13120.6 (5)H29—N27—H32109.459
C4—C11—C14122.2 (5)H30—N27—H32109.468
C13—C11—C14117.1 (4)H31—N27—H32109.477
C15—C12—C16117.7 (3)H33—N28—H34109.48
C15—C12—C21123.1 (4)H33—N28—H35109.471
C16—C12—C21119.1 (4)H34—N28—H35109.47
C11—C13—C16121.4 (6)H33—N28—H36109.475
C11—C14—C15121.2 (4)H34—N28—H36109.469
C12—C15—C14120.8 (4)H35—N28—H36109.461
(NH4_DFT) top
Crystal data top
C14H16N2O4α = 90.7300°
Mr = 276.29β = 91.3790°
Triclinic, P1γ = 92.7400°
a = 4.6875 ÅV = 352.86 Å3
b = 5.2421 ÅZ = 1
c = 14.3820 Å
Data collection top
h = l =
k =
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
H10.594500.550160.047090.0500*
C20.726500.710070.072770.0042*
C31.064021.114460.140040.0042*
C40.921750.841640.011880.0042*
C50.695640.782210.165360.0042*
C60.861130.987740.199520.0042*
C71.092981.041870.047640.0042*
H80.541360.676760.210980.0500*
H91.254071.139990.002420.0500*
H101.202391.269160.166430.0500*
C110.939490.776580.088680.0042*
C120.949510.647590.279100.0042*
C130.781110.910480.153130.0042*
C141.107770.581420.121660.0042*
C151.113870.517920.215430.0042*
C160.784580.845720.246620.0042*
H170.650531.064400.129100.0500*
H181.235680.478520.072780.0500*
H191.243430.364440.240340.0500*
H200.652940.946380.295010.0500*
C210.938570.569000.378980.0566*
C220.833621.073410.298720.0566*
O230.762660.668990.432520.0566*
O240.997470.983180.358520.0566*
O251.098020.390290.407410.0566*
O260.658721.246480.318700.0566*
N270.162430.516930.604410.0400*
H290.160900.493590.531980.0500*
H300.339930.438700.634880.0500*
H310.136950.710680.623730.0500*
H320.019910.417340.627010.0500*
N280.591710.129780.476460.0400*
H330.622530.061460.455400.0500*
H340.584720.144310.548560.0500*
H350.415160.208170.444850.0500*
H360.776500.233330.457050.0500*
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N27—H29···O25i1.051.882.907167
N27—H30···O26ii1.041.952.979172
N27—H31···O24iii1.061.622.650162
N27—H32···O26iv1.041.902.942174
N28—H33···O23v1.061.622.655164
N28—H34···O26ii1.042.003.007164
N28—H35···O25i1.041.882.904169
N28—H36···O251.051.852.885172
Symmetry codes: (i) x1, y, z; (ii) x, y1, z+1; (iii) x1, y, z+1; (iv) x1, y1, z+1; (v) x, y1, z.
 

Acknowledgements

We thank Professors Paul F. Brandt and Jeffrey A. Bjorklund for guidance and helpful discussions.

References

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