research communications
Dimeric ethyltin(IV)–dibromide–hydroxide–N,N-dimethylformamide
aChemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
*Correspondence e-mail: hreuter@uos.de
Di-μ-hydroxido-bis[dibromido(dimethylformamide-κO)ethyltin(IV)], [Sn2Br4(C2H5)2(OH)2(C3H7NO)2], was prepared from ethyltin(IV) bromide and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in air. The exhibits the typical structural features of dimeric Lewis-base-stabilized monoorganotin(IV)–dihalide–hydroxides, RSnHal2(OH), i.e. two octahedrally coordinated Sn atoms are linked together via two bridging hydroxide groups, resulting in a centrosymmetric four-membered rhomboid-like Sn–OH ring with acute angles at the Sn atom, obtuse angles at the O atoms and two different tin–oxygen bond lengths. With the shorter bond trans to the ethyl group, this observation underlines once more the so-called trans-strengthening effect in monoorganotin(IV) compounds with octahedrally coordinated Sn atoms. Differences and similarities in the bond lengths and angles in the four-membered Sn–OH rings have been worked out for the rings in dimeric diorganotin(IV)–halide–hydroxides, [R2SnHal(OH)]2, and hydrates of dimeric tin(IV)–trihalide–hydroxide–aqua–hydrates, [SnHal3(OH)(H2O)]2·nH2O.
Keywords: crystal structure; monoorganotin(IV); dihalide; hydroxide; hydrolysis; trans-strengthening; hydrogen bonds; DMF.
CCDC reference: 2348369
1. Chemical context
The title compound ethyltin(IV)–dibromide–hydroxide N,N-dimethylformamide solvate, [EtSnBr2(OH)·DMF]2, belongs to the class of monoorganotin(IV)–dihalide–hydroxides, RSnHal2(OH), representing the first hydrolysis products of the corresponding monoorganotin(IV)–trihalides, RSnHal3. Since the basic work of Lecomte et al. (1976), it has been well established that this class of compounds crystallizes as dimeric (LB)–Brønstedt base (BB)-stabilized adducts, [RSnHal2(OH)LB]2·nBB. Depending on LB and BB, four different subclasses of dimeric monoorganotin(IV)–dihalide–hydroxides can be distinguished: (i) the subclass of dimeric dihalide–hydroxide–aqua complexes, [RSnHal2(OH)(H2O)]2, with LB = H2O and n = 0, (ii) the subclass of dihalide–hydroxide–solvate complexes, [RSnHal2(OH)LB]2, with LB other than H2O and n = 0, (iii) the subclass of dihalide–hydroxide–aqua–hydrates, [RSnHal2(OH)(H2O)]2·nBB, with LB = BB = H2O, and (iv) the subclass of dihalide–hydroxide–aqua–solvates, [RSnHal2(OH)(H2O)]2·nBB, with LB = H2O and BB = other than H2O.
Up to now, the solid-state structures of subclass i have been described for Hal = Cl and R = Et (Lecomte et al., 1976), R = iPr, iBu (Puff & Reuter, 1989), R = nBu (Holmes et al., 1988) and R = (6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)methyl (Beckmann et al., 2009), but for subclass ii, only the of the isobutyl compound with Hal = Cl and LB = DMF (Reuter & Ye, 2013) is known. In the case of subclass iii, only the single-crystal of the methyl compound with Hal = Cl and n = 3 (Johnson & Knobler, 1994) exists and for subclass iv, the n-butyl compounds with Hal = Cl, BB = methylbenzothiazole and n = 4 (Wei, 1994), and BB = dimethyl cyanocarbonodithioimidate and n = 4 (Mbaye et al., 2023) or n = 2 (Diop et al., 2022) are available.
The title compound, belonging to subclass ii, was found accidentally as a hydrolysis product of humid air during an attempt to synthesize a complex of ethyltin(IV)–tribromide with DMF and represents the first structurally characterized monoorganotin(IV)–hydroxide–dihalide with bromine as the halide.
2. Structural commentary
The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c, as was unambiguously confirmed from systematic absence conditions. The contains two dimeric centrosymmetric molecules (Fig. 1), resulting in half a molecule in the The molecule exhibits the typical structural features of the monoorganotin(IV)–dihalide–hydroxides, i.e. two octahedrally coordinated Sn atoms are linked together via two bridging hydroxide groups whereby a planar four-membered Sn–OH ring results.
This Sn–OH ring (Fig. 2) has a characteristic rhomboid-like shape with acute [70.01 (8)°] angles at the Sn atoms, obtuse angles [109.99 (8)°] at the O atoms and two distinct different tin–oxygen bond lengths [2.071 (2) and 2.1461 (1) Å], the shorter of which is opposite to the organic group. This kind of bond-length shortening, designated in the literature as trans-strengthening (Paseshnitchenko et al., 1985; Buslaev et al., 1989), is typically found in the case of monoorganotin(IV) compounds with tin in a sixfold octahedral coordination.
Four-membered Sn–OH rings are structure-dominating features in many organic and inorganic tin(IV) compounds. Thus, they occur, for example, in the dimeric diorganotin(IV)–halide–hydroxides, [R2SnHal(OH)]2, with trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated Sn atoms. There the bond angles are in the same order; different Sn—O bond lengths, however, result from the axial and equatorial positions of the hydroxide groups within the trigonal-bipyramidal coordination of the Sn atoms (cf. Reuter, 2022). A somewhat different geometry is observed in the case of the four-membered Sn–OH rings of the dimeric tin(IV)–trihalide–hydroxide–aqua complexes, [SnHal3(OH)(H2O)]2, where the Sn atoms are also octahedrally coordinated. These compounds constitute the pure inorganic equivalents of the class of compounds discussed here with an additional halide atom instead of the organic group R. In analogy to the dimeric monoorganotin(IV)–dihalide–aqua–complexes, these inorganic counterparts can be divided into similar subclasses. For Hal = Br, the structures of only two polymorphs (Howie et al., 2005; de Lima et al., 2010) of a hydrate (subclass iii), with 3.5 additional water molecules, are actually known. In both, the dimeric molecules are noncentrosymmetric and the Sn–OH rings are not planar, but only slightly buckled. Nevertheless, these rings exhibit a geometry with similar bond angles at the oxygen [mean value: 108.4 (5)°, 4 data points] and the Sn atoms [mean value: 71.6 (3)°, 4 data points], but the Sn—O bond lengths become more equal [2.081 (1)–2.072 (8) Å] so that the rings adopt a more rhombus-like shape.
The C—C distance [C1—C2 = 1.485 (5) Å] in the ethyl group is to some extent shorter than the value of 1.513 (14) Å evaluated by Allen et al. (1987) for the mean distance between two sp3-hybridized C atoms. This deviation is probably caused by atom vibration, as indicated by the displacement ellipsoids (Fig. 1). The Sn—C distance [Sn—C = 2.228 (2) Å] is enlarged compared to the sum (2.15 Å) of the normal covalent radii (Cordero et al., 2008) of tin (1.39 Å) and carbon (0.76 Å), but is in the same order of magnitude as the Sn—C bond length [2.20 (3) Å] found in [EtSnCl2(OH)·H2O]2 (Lecomte et al., 1976). Much shorter tin–carbon bonds [2.139 (4) and 2.130 (4) Å] have been reported for the corresponding DMF compound with R = iBu and Hal = Cl (Reuter & Ye, 2013).
Both tin–bromine bonds are of different lengths with the longer one [2.6360 (3) Å] in the case of the in-plane (ip) Br1 atom and the shorter one [2.5893 (4) Å] in the case of the out-of-plane (oop) Br2 atom. The reason for this obviously arises from the fact that the first is involved in a hydrogen bond with the hydroxide group of a neighbouring molecule (see below), while the second is only involved in van der Waals interactions. It is notable that both values are markedly longer (0.069 and 0.080 Å) than the tin–bromine distances in the above-mentioned tin(IV)–tribromide–hydroxide–aqua–hydrates [mean Sn—Brip = 2.509 (5) Å, 8 data points; mean Sn—Broop = 2.567 (14) Å, 4 data points].
The coordinated DMF molecule is almost planar, as the distances of the O, C and N atoms from the least-squares plane indicate (Fig. 3). The coordinative bond has a length of 2.177 (2) Å, while the bond angle at the O atom is 126.2 (2)°. Both values differ significantly from the corresponding values [2.210 (3)/2.202 (4) Å and 120.8 (3)/124.8 (4)°] observed in the noncentrosymmetric molecules of [iBuSnCl2(OH)(DMF)]2 (Reuter & Ye, 2013). The angle between the least-squares plane through the non-H atom of the DMF molecule and the Sn—ODMF bond length is 3.12 (8)°.
Structural distortion of the DMF molecule as a result of its coordinative bond to the Sn atom is well expressed and concerns not only the bond lengths but also the bond angles. Structural data for pure DMF have been determined twice (Borrmann et al., 2000; Ratajczyk et al., 2019) under normal pressure and at a temperature of 100 K. Both crystallize in the triclinic P, with two different molecules in the As the individual structure parameters within both molecules and between the different measurements differ to some extent, in the following, the mean values of each four data points are used. Most notable are the changes in bond lengths: thus, the carbon–oxygen distance increases by 0.031 Å from 1.229 (2) Å in pure DMF to 1.260 (4) Å in the coordinated molecule; simultaneously, the carbon–nitrogen distance decreases by 0.038 Å from 1.339 (2) to 1.301 (4) Å, while the distances between the methyl C atoms and the N atoms remain mostly unaffected [cis-CH3—N(pure/coordinated) = 1.453 (2)/1.457 (6) Å and trans-CH3—N(pure/coordinated) = 1.454 (2)/1.461 (5) Å]. The greatest changes of the bond angles are observed for O—C—N, decreasing by 2.3° from 125.4 (2)° in pure DMF to 123.1 (3)° in the coordinated molecule, and to a smaller extent (0.8°) for CH3—N—CH3, increasing from 117.2 (3) to 118.0 (3)°. The changes of the CH—N—CH3 angles range from −0.4 to −0.5°.
3. Supramolecular features
In the solid, hydrogen bonds exist between the hydroxide groups and the Br1 atoms of adjacent molecules, as the space-filling model (Fig. 4) using the van der Waals radii of Mantina et al. (2009) indicates. The resulting chain-like arrangement of the hydrogen-bonded molecules (Fig. 5) takes place in the direction of the crystallographic a axis. With a donor–acceptor distance of 3.283 (2) Å between the Br and O atoms, they rank as strong. The bridging angle at the H atom is 164.8°. As the second Br atom (Br2) does not take part in any hydrogen bonds, the interactions between the individual chains are confined to van der Waals contacts (Fig. 6).
4. Synthesis and crystallization
In a fumehood, 0.39 g (1 mmol) of ethyltin(IV) tribromide, C2H5Br3Sn, prepared from ethyltin(IV) trichloride via halide exchange with an excess of potassium bromide in dry acetone was mixed with 2 ml N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on a petri dish with a glass lid. Crystal formation was checked every day using an optical microscope. The first crystals of the title compound appeared after two weeks.
5. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure . The positions of all H atoms were clearly identified in difference Fourier syntheses. Those of the organic groups were refined with calculated positions (–CH3 = 0.96 Å, –CH2– = 0.97 Å and –CH– = 0.93 Å) and common Uiso(H) parameters for each individual group. The position of the H atom of the OH group was refined with a fixed O—H distance of 0.96 Å before it was fixed and allowed to ride on the parent O atom with an isotropic displacement parameter.
details are summarized in Table 1Supporting information
CCDC reference: 2348369
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989024003268/yy2010sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989024003268/yy2010Isup2.hkl
[Sn2Br4(C2H5)2(OH)2(C3H7NO)2] | F(000) = 744 |
Mr = 795.35 | Dx = 2.362 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 7.0415 (3) Å | Cell parameters from 9635 reflections |
b = 17.9349 (8) Å | θ = 2.9–29.1° |
c = 9.0148 (5) Å | µ = 9.39 mm−1 |
β = 100.812 (2)° | T = 100 K |
V = 1118.26 (9) Å3 | Plate, colourless |
Z = 2 | 0.26 × 0.16 × 0.12 mm |
Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2455 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
φ and ω scans | Rint = 0.037 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015) | θmax = 28.0°, θmin = 3.0° |
Tmin = 0.514, Tmax = 0.723 | h = −9→9 |
84799 measured reflections | k = −23→23 |
2687 independent reflections | l = −11→11 |
Refinement on F2 | Hydrogen site location: mixed |
Least-squares matrix: full | Only H-atom displacement parameters refined |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.018 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0201P)2 + 2.2958P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
wR(F2) = 0.046 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.002 |
S = 1.07 | Δρmax = 1.07 e Å−3 |
2687 reflections | Δρmin = −0.50 e Å−3 |
107 parameters | Extinction correction: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
0 restraints | Extinction coefficient: 0.00097 (16) |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Sn1 | 0.13007 (2) | 0.55518 (2) | 0.14030 (2) | 0.01599 (6) | |
C1 | 0.0660 (3) | 0.59933 (18) | 0.3566 (3) | 0.0203 (6) | |
H11 | 0.0714 | 0.6534 | 0.3552 | 0.078 (7)* | |
H12 | −0.0642 | 0.5850 | 0.3656 | 0.078 (7)* | |
C2 | 0.2042 (6) | 0.5712 (3) | 0.4897 (4) | 0.0549 (12) | |
H21 | 0.2043 | 0.5177 | 0.4886 | 0.078 (7)* | |
H22 | 0.1660 | 0.5885 | 0.5805 | 0.078 (7)* | |
H23 | 0.3316 | 0.5892 | 0.4861 | 0.078 (7)* | |
Br1 | 0.50184 (4) | 0.58619 (2) | 0.17646 (3) | 0.02061 (8) | |
Br2 | 0.04385 (4) | 0.67775 (2) | −0.00891 (4) | 0.02626 (8) | |
O1 | 0.1412 (2) | 0.49890 (10) | −0.0585 (2) | 0.0179 (4) | |
H1 | 0.2590 | 0.4824 | −0.0870 | 0.051 (12)* | |
O2 | 0.2199 (3) | 0.44926 (11) | 0.2493 (2) | 0.0226 (4) | |
N1 | 0.3916 (4) | 0.34269 (14) | 0.2843 (3) | 0.0251 (5) | |
C3 | 0.3503 (4) | 0.40693 (15) | 0.2192 (3) | 0.0204 (5) | |
H3 | 0.4204 | 0.4223 | 0.1469 | 0.056 (5)* | |
C4 | 0.2812 (6) | 0.3145 (2) | 0.3939 (5) | 0.0461 (10) | |
H41 | 0.3403 | 0.3310 | 0.4933 | 0.056 (5)* | |
H42 | 0.2795 | 0.2610 | 0.3910 | 0.056 (5)* | |
H43 | 0.1512 | 0.3331 | 0.3697 | 0.056 (5)* | |
C5 | 0.5454 (5) | 0.29569 (19) | 0.2467 (4) | 0.0390 (8) | |
H51 | 0.6023 | 0.3198 | 0.1705 | 0.056 (5)* | |
H52 | 0.4924 | 0.2485 | 0.2095 | 0.056 (5)* | |
H53 | 0.6425 | 0.2880 | 0.3354 | 0.056 (5)* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Sn1 | 0.01125 (9) | 0.01715 (10) | 0.01884 (10) | 0.00173 (6) | 0.00092 (7) | −0.00585 (7) |
C1 | 0.0071 (10) | 0.0454 (17) | 0.0086 (12) | 0.0054 (11) | 0.0023 (9) | −0.0085 (11) |
C2 | 0.039 (2) | 0.099 (4) | 0.0262 (19) | 0.000 (2) | 0.0046 (16) | −0.019 (2) |
Br1 | 0.01178 (12) | 0.02018 (14) | 0.02940 (16) | 0.00052 (9) | 0.00265 (10) | −0.00779 (11) |
Br2 | 0.02073 (14) | 0.01634 (14) | 0.03855 (18) | 0.00282 (10) | −0.00257 (12) | −0.00237 (11) |
O1 | 0.0115 (8) | 0.0210 (10) | 0.0212 (10) | 0.0010 (7) | 0.0031 (7) | −0.0074 (8) |
O2 | 0.0190 (9) | 0.0265 (10) | 0.0218 (10) | 0.0020 (8) | 0.0024 (8) | 0.0001 (8) |
N1 | 0.0238 (12) | 0.0240 (13) | 0.0248 (13) | −0.0017 (10) | −0.0028 (10) | 0.0061 (10) |
C3 | 0.0200 (13) | 0.0194 (13) | 0.0195 (14) | −0.0023 (10) | −0.0020 (11) | −0.0005 (11) |
C4 | 0.047 (2) | 0.046 (2) | 0.046 (2) | −0.0021 (17) | 0.0109 (18) | 0.0257 (18) |
C5 | 0.0422 (19) | 0.0231 (16) | 0.048 (2) | 0.0112 (14) | −0.0003 (16) | 0.0047 (15) |
Sn1—O1 | 2.071 (2) | O1—H1 | 0.9600 |
Sn1—O1i | 2.146 (2) | O2—C3 | 1.260 (3) |
Sn1—O2 | 2.177 (2) | N1—C3 | 1.301 (4) |
Sn1—C1 | 2.228 (2) | N1—C4 | 1.457 (4) |
Sn1—Br2 | 2.5893 (4) | N1—C5 | 1.461 (4) |
Sn1—Br1 | 2.6360 (3) | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
C1—C2 | 1.485 (5) | C4—H41 | 0.9600 |
C1—H11 | 0.9700 | C4—H42 | 0.9600 |
C1—H12 | 0.9700 | C4—H43 | 0.9600 |
C2—H21 | 0.9600 | C5—H51 | 0.9600 |
C2—H22 | 0.9600 | C5—H52 | 0.9600 |
C2—H23 | 0.9600 | C5—H53 | 0.9600 |
O1—Sn1i | 2.146 (2) | ||
O1—Sn1—O1i | 70.01 (8) | H21—C2—H23 | 109.5 |
O1—Sn1—O2 | 84.87 (8) | H22—C2—H23 | 109.5 |
O1i—Sn1—O2 | 85.71 (7) | Sn1—O1—Sn1i | 109.99 (8) |
O1—Sn1—C1 | 167.78 (9) | Sn1—O1—H1 | 123.8 |
O1i—Sn1—C1 | 98.51 (8) | Sn1i—O1—H1 | 121.8 |
O2—Sn1—C1 | 90.26 (10) | C3—O2—Sn1 | 126.16 (18) |
O1—Sn1—Br2 | 90.42 (5) | C3—N1—C4 | 120.7 (3) |
O1i—Sn1—Br2 | 95.65 (5) | C3—N1—C5 | 121.2 (3) |
O2—Sn1—Br2 | 174.34 (5) | C4—N1—C5 | 118.0 (3) |
C1—Sn1—Br2 | 94.97 (8) | O2—C3—N1 | 123.1 (3) |
O1—Sn1—Br1 | 90.69 (5) | O2—C3—H3 | 118.4 |
O1i—Sn1—Br1 | 159.59 (5) | N1—C3—H3 | 118.4 |
O2—Sn1—Br1 | 86.02 (5) | N1—C4—H41 | 109.5 |
C1—Sn1—Br1 | 100.16 (7) | N1—C4—H42 | 109.5 |
Br2—Sn1—Br1 | 90.900 (11) | H41—C4—H42 | 109.5 |
C2—C1—Sn1 | 112.1 (2) | N1—C4—H43 | 109.5 |
C2—C1—H11 | 109.2 | H41—C4—H43 | 109.5 |
Sn1—C1—H11 | 109.2 | H42—C4—H43 | 109.5 |
C2—C1—H12 | 109.2 | N1—C5—H51 | 109.5 |
Sn1—C1—H12 | 109.2 | N1—C5—H52 | 109.5 |
H11—C1—H12 | 107.9 | H51—C5—H52 | 109.5 |
C1—C2—H21 | 109.5 | N1—C5—H53 | 109.5 |
C1—C2—H22 | 109.5 | H51—C5—H53 | 109.5 |
H21—C2—H22 | 109.5 | H52—C5—H53 | 109.5 |
C1—C2—H23 | 109.5 |
Symmetry code: (i) −x, −y+1, −z. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···Br1ii | 0.96 | 2.35 | 3.283 (2) | 165 |
Symmetry code: (ii) −x+1, −y+1, −z. |
Acknowledgements
We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Government of Lower-Saxony for funding the diffractometer and acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and Open Access Publishing Fund of Osnabrück University.
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