Crystal structure of polymeric bis­­(3-amino-1H-pyrazole)­cadmium diiodide

The reaction of cadmium iodide with 3-amino­pyrazole (3-apz) in ethano­lic solution leads to tautomerization of the ligand and the formation of crystals of the title compound, catena-poly[[di­iodido­cadmium(II)]-bis­(μ-3-amino-1H-pyrazole)-κ²N²:N³;κ²N³:N²], [CdI₂(C₃H₅N₃)₂]_n or [CdI₂(3-apz)₂]_n. Its asymmetric unit consists of a half of a Cd²⁺ cation, an iodide anion and a 3-apz mol­ecule. The Cd²⁺ cations are coordinated by two iodide anions and two 3-apz ligands, generating trans-CdN₄I₂ octa­hedra, which are linked into chains by pairs of the bridging ligands. In the crystal, the ligand mol­ecules and iodide anions of neighboring chains are linked through inter­chain hydrogen bonds into a di-periodic network. The inter­molecular contacts were qu­anti­fied using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots, revealing the relative qu­anti­tative contributions of the weak inter­molecular contacts.

1. Chemical context

Inorganic–organic coordination polymers, an active field of investigation in chemistry, attract attention for their intriguing structures and applications. Inorganic components may introduce magnetic, optical, and mechanical attributes, while organic ligands offer versatility and luminescence. Combining these attributes yields novel materials with diverse properties such as catalysis, separation, luminescence, spin transition and more (Seredyuk et al., 2015; Piñeiro-López et al., 2021). The formation of a coordination polymer involves the self-assembly of organic ligands and metal ions, driven by strong and directional inter­actions such as metal–ligand coordination bonds, as well as weaker hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, halogen–halogen, and C—H⋯X inter­actions (X = O, N, halogen, etc.). Engineering polymeric networks is a challenge that demands further exploration of metal–organic inter­actions. The pyrazole ligand is known to be a good linker to bind metal ions and plays a key role in the design of new functional coordination polymers. It can serve as a monodentate ligand or upon deprotonation as a bridging ligand, effectively linking metal ions into polynuclear or polymeric moieties (Parshad et al., 2024). We have discovered that 3-amino­pyrazole (3-apz) can form coordination polymers without the need to deprotonate the pyrazole moiety, due to the participation of the amino group in the coordination of the metal ion (Kuzevanova et al., 2023). Having an inter­est in polymeric complexes formed by bridging ligands (Piñeiro-López et al., 2018, 2021; Seredyuk et al., 2007), we report here on the coordination polymer of the apz ligand with a Cd²⁺ cation and I⁻ anions as co-ligands.

2. Structural commentary

The asymmetric unit comprises half of the monomeric neutral unit [Cd(3-apz)₂I₂], which is composed of a Cd²⁺ cation, two 3-apz bridging ligands and two I⁻ anions, balancing the charge (Fig. 1). The tautomerism of the ligand mol­ecule, which can inter­convert between 3- and 5-amino­pyrazole in solution, is blocked, and only the first form is observed in the structure. The coordination geometry around the central ion can be described as an elongated octa­hedron with the I atoms being in axial positions [Cd—I1 = 2.9446 (8) Å] and the amino nitro­gen atom of the 3-apz ligand [Cd—N1 = 2.394 (9) Å, Cd—N3 = 2.428 (10) Å] in the equatorial plane. The average trigonal distortion parameters Σ = Σ₁¹²(|90 − φ_i|), where φ_i is the angle N/I—Cd—N′/I′ (Drew et al., 1995), and Θ = Σ₁²⁴(|60 − θ_i|), where θ_i is the angle generated by superposition of two opposite faces of an octa­hedron (Chang et al., 1990) are 34.0 and 140.9°, respectively. The calculated continuous shape measure (CShM) value relative to the O_h symmetry is 1.129 (Kershaw Cook et al., 2015). The values show a deviation of the coordination environment from an ideal octa­hedron (for which Σ = Θ = CShM(O_h) = 0). The volume of the [CdN₄I₂] coordination polyhedron is equal to 22.687 ų. The 3-apz ligand is close to planarity with a maximum deviation of 0.087 (1) Å from the plane of the pyrazole ring for the amino N3 atom.

Figure 1 Crystal structure of the title compound with labeling and displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. The strong intra- and inter-chain N—H⋯I hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed red and green lines, respectively. Symmetry code: (i) 1 − x, −y, 1 − z.

3. Supra­molecular features

The [Cd(3-apz)₂I₂] units are linked by alternating amino/pyrazole nitro­gen atoms of the 3-apz ligand to give infinite mono-periodic linear chains propagating along the a-axis direction (Figs. 1 and 2). The Cd⋯Cd distance separated by 3-amino­pyrazole within the chain is 5.101 (1) Å. The N2 H atom and one hydrogen of the NH₂ groups of the pyrazole moiety are involved in inter­actions within the coordination chain, forming intra­chain hydrogen bonds with the I atom. The second hydrogen atom of the NH₂ group forms a hydrogen bond with the I atom of a neighboring chain (Table 1). This inter­action along the b axis expands the packing to a di-periodic supra­molecular network (Fig. 2). The planes stack along the c axis with no inter­actions below the van der Waals radii.

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
N2—H2⋯I1	0.86	2.96	3.526 (11)	126
N3—H3A⋯I1^i	0.89	2.79	3.667 (10)	170
N3—H3B⋯I1^ii	0.89	2.96	3.827 (10)	167
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) .

Figure 2 Fragment of the di-periodic supra­molecular network formed by polymeric chains of {[Cd(3-apz)2]I2}n linked by inter­chain N—H⋯I hydrogen bonds (red dashed lines).

4. Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional fingerprint plots

A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed and the associated two-dimensional fingerprint plots were generated using CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., 2021), with a standard resolution of the three-dimensional d_norm surfaces (Fig. 3a). Since the title compound is a coordination polymer, this analysis also includes the bonding information at the edge of the asymmetric unit. The overall two-dimensional fingerprint plot is depicted in Fig. 3b decomposed into specific inter­actions. The central spike with the tip at (d_i, d_e) = (1.31, 1.55) directly represents the Cd—I bond length with a relative contribution of 2.1%, while two other closely lying spikes with tips at (d_i, d_e) = (1.10, 1.30)/(1.30, 1.10) correspond to the shorter Cd—N bond length with a contribution of 11.2%. The rest of the contacts belong to weak hydrogen bonds. At 32.1%, the largest contribution to the overall crystal packing is from the I⋯H/H⋯I inter­actions, including the above discussed intra- and inter­molecular contacts, which form characteristic wings of the plot with tips at (d_i, d_e) = (0.90, 1.75)/(1.75, 0.90). The weak inter­actions, H⋯H (22.9%), H⋯C/C⋯H (9.6%) and H⋯N/N⋯H (10.8%), are mainly distributed in the middle part of the plot.

Figure 3 (a) A projection of dnorm mapped on the Hirshfeld surface onto a fragment of the polymeric chain in the asymmetric unit, visualizing the intra- and inter­molecular inter­actions. Red/blue and white areas represent regions where contacts are shorter/longer than the sum and close to the sum of the van der Waals radii, respectively; (b) decomposition of the two-dimensional fingerprint plot into specific inter­actions.

5. Database survey

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD version 5.43, update of November 2022; Groom et al., 2016) reveals one hit with a 3-apz bridging ligand in a binuclear Cu²⁺ complex TIXDAH with oxalyl anions as coligands (Świtlicka-Olszewska et al., 2014) and another hit for a binuclear Co²⁺ complex FAZCIW with 6-phenyl­pyridine-2-carb­oxy­lic acid as coligands (Xiang & Xi-Shi, 2022). In both complexes, the same bridging coordination mode of the ligand is observed, but with a shorter inter­metallic separation than in the title compound (4.583 Å for the Cu²⁺ complex and 4.728 Å for the Co²⁺ complex), which is due to the different chemical nature and coordination geometry of the central ions. Comparison with the recently reported isomorphic compound {[Cd(3-apz)₂]Br₂}_n (Kuzevanova et al., 2023) shows that the larger unit-cell parameters in the title compound are due solely to the larger iodine atoms. In addition, the larger Cd—I distance leads to increasing distortion indices of the coord­ination polyhedron compared to the isomorphic compound.

6. Synthesis and crystallization

CdI₂ and 3-apz were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were used without further purification. Colorless block-like crystals were obtained by the reaction of 1 mmol of CdI₂ (366 mg) and 2 mmol of 3-apz (166 mg) in 10 ml of ethanol (96%). The reaction mixture was left overnight in an open vial, leading to the formation of crystals suitable for single-crystal X-ray analysis (404 mg, 76%). Elemental analysis calculated for C₆H₁₀I₂CdN₆: C, 13.54; H, 1.89; N, 15.79. Found: C, 13.57; H, 1.98; N, 15.30. IR (KBr; cm⁻¹): 3322(s) ν(NH); 1589 (m), 1552(m) and 1536(s) ν(C=N/C_3-apz).

7. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2. H atoms were refined as riding [C—H = 0.83–0.92 Å with U_iso(H) = 1.2U_eq(C/N)]. Twinning was detected using CrysAlis PRO 1.171.42.93a software, with the second twin component obtained by rotation of 180° around [0.00 0.00 1.00] in reciprocal space. The content of component 1 was refined to be 0.8775 (14); the content of component 2 was refined to be 0.1225 (14). The hkl4 and hkl5 files were generated using CrysAlis PRO 1.171.42.93a. The highest peak of 2.00 is 1.51 Å from C3 and the deepest hole of 1.92 is 0.87 Å from I1. There are 13 reflections omitted from the refinement for which the error/e.s.d. ratio was over 10.

Table 2
Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula	[CdI2(C3H5N3)2]
Mr	532.40
Crystal system, space group	Triclinic, P
Temperature (K)	293
a, b, c (Å)	5.1007 (1), 6.9544 (2), 9.0470 (4)
α, β, γ (°)	83.198 (3), 79.962 (3), 81.742 (2)
V (Å^3)	311.29 (2)
Z	1
Radiation type	Mo Kα
μ (mm^−1)	6.69
Crystal size (mm)	0.25 × 0.25 × 0.15
Data collection
Diffractometer	XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, HyPix
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Rigaku OD, 2023)
Tmin, Tmax	0.725, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	5468, 5468, 4327
Rint	0.050
(sin θ/λ)max (Å^−1)	0.722
Refinement
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)], wR(F^2), S	0.050, 0.170, 1.17
No. of reflections	5468
No. of parameters	72
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å^−3)	2.00, −1.92
Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2023), SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015a), SHELXL2018/3 (Sheldrick, 2015b) and OLEX2 1.5 (Dolomanov et al., 2009).

Supporting information

Computing details

catena-Poly[[diiodidocadmium(II)]-bis(µ-3-amino-1H-pyrazole)-κ²N²:N³;κ²N³:N²]

Crystal data

[CdI2(C3H5N3)2]	Z = 1
Mr = 532.40	F(000) = 242
Triclinic, P1	Dx = 2.840 Mg m^−3
a = 5.1007 (1) Å	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 6.9544 (2) Å	Cell parameters from 5030 reflections
c = 9.0470 (4) Å	θ = 3.0–30.1°
α = 83.198 (3)°	µ = 6.69 mm^−1
β = 79.962 (3)°	T = 293 K
γ = 81.742 (2)°	Block, colourless
V = 311.29 (2) Å^3	0.25 × 0.25 × 0.15 mm

Data collection

XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, HyPix diffractometer	5468 independent reflections
Radiation source: micro-focus sealed X-ray tube, PhotonJet (Mo) X-ray Source	4327 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Mirror monochromator	Rint = 0.050
Detector resolution: 10.0000 pixels mm^-1	θmax = 30.9°, θmin = 3.0°
ω scans	h = −7→6
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlisPro; Rigaku OD, 2023)	k = −9→9
Tmin = 0.725, Tmax = 1.000	l = −12→12
5468 measured reflections

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
Least-squares matrix: full	H-atom parameters constrained
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.050	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.0542P)^2 + 4.3767P] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
wR(F^2) = 0.170	(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
S = 1.17	Δρmax = 2.00 e Å^−3
5468 reflections	Δρmin = −1.92 e Å^−3
72 parameters	Extinction correction: SHELXL2018/3 (Sheldrick, 2015b), Fc^*=kFc[1+0.001xFc^2λ^3/sin(2θ)]^-1/4
0 restraints	Extinction coefficient: 0.022 (4)
Primary atom site location: dual

Special details

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refined as a 2-component twin.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
I1	−0.05344 (17)	0.22724 (12)	0.28482 (9)	0.0357 (3)
Cd1	0.000000	0.500000	0.500000	0.0278 (4)
N3	0.6523 (19)	0.7498 (15)	0.4240 (11)	0.028 (2)
H3A	0.520223	0.759070	0.502295	0.034*
H3B	0.720382	0.862672	0.408825	0.034*
N1	0.3258 (19)	0.6357 (16)	0.3078 (11)	0.030 (2)
N2	0.282 (2)	0.6411 (17)	0.1627 (11)	0.034 (2)
H2	0.156052	0.589059	0.136826	0.041*
C3	0.535 (2)	0.7342 (16)	0.2968 (12)	0.025 (2)
C1	0.458 (2)	0.7361 (19)	0.0661 (14)	0.034 (3)
H1	0.464247	0.756161	−0.037912	0.041*
C2	0.628 (2)	0.7995 (18)	0.1459 (13)	0.032 (2)
H2A	0.771493	0.869483	0.109148	0.038*

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
I1	0.0408 (5)	0.0388 (5)	0.0311 (5)	−0.0160 (3)	−0.0036 (3)	−0.0083 (3)
Cd1	0.0268 (6)	0.0331 (6)	0.0253 (6)	−0.0094 (4)	−0.0057 (4)	−0.0013 (4)
N3	0.025 (5)	0.034 (5)	0.028 (5)	−0.007 (4)	−0.006 (4)	−0.005 (4)
N1	0.028 (5)	0.042 (6)	0.024 (5)	−0.015 (4)	−0.005 (4)	−0.002 (4)
N2	0.036 (5)	0.046 (6)	0.026 (5)	−0.015 (5)	−0.012 (4)	0.000 (4)
C3	0.027 (5)	0.025 (5)	0.023 (5)	−0.005 (4)	−0.002 (4)	−0.002 (4)
C1	0.034 (6)	0.037 (6)	0.030 (6)	−0.013 (5)	−0.006 (5)	0.009 (5)
C2	0.029 (6)	0.035 (6)	0.029 (6)	−0.009 (5)	0.002 (4)	0.003 (5)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

I1—Cd1	2.9446 (8)	N1—N2	1.364 (13)
Cd1—N3^i	2.428 (10)	N1—C3	1.330 (14)
Cd1—N3^ii	2.428 (10)	N2—H2	0.8600
Cd1—N1^iii	2.394 (9)	N2—C1	1.328 (15)
Cd1—N1	2.394 (9)	C3—C2	1.409 (16)
N3—H3A	0.8900	C1—H1	0.9300
N3—H3B	0.8900	C1—C2	1.367 (18)
N3—C3	1.409 (14)	C2—H2A	0.9300
I1^iii—Cd1—I1	180.00 (2)	C3—N3—Cd1^iv	120.7 (7)
N3^ii—Cd1—I1	95.4 (2)	C3—N3—H3A	107.1
N3^i—Cd1—I1	84.6 (2)	C3—N3—H3B	107.1
N3^i—Cd1—I1^iii	95.4 (2)	N2—N1—Cd1	116.6 (7)
N3^ii—Cd1—I1^iii	84.6 (2)	C3—N1—Cd1	138.7 (8)
N3^i—Cd1—N3^ii	180.0 (4)	C3—N1—N2	104.1 (9)
N1^iii—Cd1—I1^iii	87.2 (2)	N1—N2—H2	124.0
N1^iii—Cd1—I1	92.8 (2)	C1—N2—N1	112.0 (10)
N1—Cd1—I1	87.2 (2)	C1—N2—H2	124.0
N1—Cd1—I1^iii	92.8 (2)	N1—C3—N3	121.2 (10)
N1^iii—Cd1—N3^i	90.3 (3)	N1—C3—C2	111.6 (10)
N1^iii—Cd1—N3^ii	89.7 (3)	C2—C3—N3	126.9 (10)
N1—Cd1—N3^ii	90.3 (3)	N2—C1—H1	125.9
N1—Cd1—N3^i	89.7 (3)	N2—C1—C2	108.2 (10)
N1^iii—Cd1—N1	180.0	C2—C1—H1	125.9
Cd1^iv—N3—H3A	107.1	C3—C2—H2A	128.0
Cd1^iv—N3—H3B	107.1	C1—C2—C3	104.0 (10)
H3A—N3—H3B	106.8	C1—C2—H2A	128.0
Cd1^iv—N3—C3—N1	86.6 (12)	N1—N2—C1—C2	−0.3 (15)
Cd1^iv—N3—C3—C2	−87.2 (13)	N1—C3—C2—C1	0.9 (14)
Cd1—N1—N2—C1	173.7 (9)	N2—N1—C3—N3	−175.7 (10)
Cd1—N1—C3—N3	14.0 (19)	N2—N1—C3—C2	−1.0 (13)
Cd1—N1—C3—C2	−171.4 (9)	N2—C1—C2—C3	−0.4 (14)
N3—C3—C2—C1	175.2 (11)	C3—N1—N2—C1	0.8 (14)

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) x−1, y, z; (iii) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (iv) x+1, y, z.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
N2—H2···I1	0.86	2.96	3.526 (11)	126
N3—H3A···I1^iii	0.89	2.79	3.667 (10)	170
N3—H3B···I1^v	0.89	2.96	3.827 (10)	167

Symmetry codes: (iii) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (v) x+1, y+1, z.