research communications
and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-[(E)-2-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one
aDepartment of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India, bPG & Research Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, C Mutlur, Chidambaram 608 102, India, and cPG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur 625 106, India
*Correspondence e-mail: [email protected]
In the title compound, C18H21BrO3, which represents an isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) derivative, the cyclohexene ring adopts a twist-boat conformation. An intramolecular C—H⋯Br hydrogen bond between a methine H atom and the Br substituent at the phenyl ring leads to the stabilization of the molecular conformation. Intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds as well as π–π interactions are observed in the crystal. The intermolecular interactions were quantified and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis, revealing that H⋯H interactions contribute most (46.9%) to the crystal packing.
Keywords: cyclohexene derivatives; intermolecular hydrogen bonds; Hirshfeld surface analysis; crystal structure.
CCDC reference: 2473698
1. Chemical context
Isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) is a colourless to pale yellow cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone, characterized by a distinctive peppermint-like odour (Kataoka et al., 2007
). The presence of a conjugated enone system makes isophorone an excellent synthon for carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions, thus establishing its role as a valuable intermediate in synthetic organic chemistry. In recent years, isophorone-derived compounds have garnered considerable attention due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer (Logeshwari et al., 2024
), antimicrobial and antioxidant (Kozak et al., 2019
) effects. These pharmacological properties are primarily attributed to the introduction of styryl or aryl moieties through condensation with bioactive aldehydes, positioning isophorone as an important scaffold in drug discovery.
In the context given above, we synthesized an isophorone derivative and report here the molecular and and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-[(E)-2-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one, (I)
.
2. Structural commentary
The molecular structure of (I)
is displayed in Fig. 1
. The O1—C2 [1.222 (3) Å], C1—C6 [1.342 (3) Å] and C7—C8 [1.322 (3) Å] bond lengths confirm the double-bond character. The reduction of the bond angle C10—C9—C14 [116.2 (2)°] is due to the short contact H7⋯H14 (2.05 Å). The cyclohexene ring adopts a twist-boat conformation with puckering parameters (Cremer & Pople, 1975
) q2 = 0.374 (2) Å, q3 = −0.274 (2) Å, QT = 0.464 (2) Å and φ = 349.5 (4)°. Atom C4 deviates by −0.638 (2) Å from the least-squares plane through the remaining five atoms (C1–C3/C5/C6) of the ring. The mean plane calculation of the bromo dimethyl phenyl ring reveals that the methyl atoms C17 and C18 deviate by −0.051 (2) and 0.065 (2) Å, respectively, from the plane while the bromine atom deviates by 0.008 (1) Å. A weak intramolecular contact (Table 1
) between a methine H atom and the Br atom attached to the phenyl ring leads to the stabilization of the molecular conformation. This C8—H8⋯Br1 interaction forms an S(5) ring motif (Bernstein et al., 1995
), as shown in Fig. 1
.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Figure 1 A view of the molecular structure of compound (I) |
3. Supramolecular features
In the crystal, molecules associate pairwise via C17—H17C⋯O1i hydrogen bonds (Table 1
) into inversion dimers with an R22(24) graph-set motif (Etter et al., 1990
), as shown in Fig. 2
. Moreover, π–π interactions are observed between the centroids of inversion-related benzene rings (C9–C14) with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.825 (1) Å and a slippage of 1.435 Å (Fig. 3
).
| Figure 2 The formation of a centrosymmetric dimer in the crystal structure of (I) |
| Figure 3 The crystal packing of (I) |
4. Hirshfeld surface analysis
Intermolecular interactions were quantified by a Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis (Spackman & Jayatilaka, 2009
) using CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., 2021
). The HS mapped over dnorm is illustrated in Fig. 4
. where the deep-red spots at O1 and H17C represent distances shorter than van der Waals radii and are indicative of the intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond discussed above.
| Figure 4 A view of the Hirshfeld surface mapped over dnorm for compound (I) |
The associated two-dimensional fingerprint plots (McKinnon et al., 2007
) provide quantitative information about the non-covalent interactions in the crystal packing in terms of the percentage contribution of the interatomic contacts (Spackman & McKinnon, 2002
). The overall two-dimensional fingerprint plot is shown in Fig. 5
(top left). The HS analysis reveals that H⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H contacts are the main contributors to the crystal packing, followed by H⋯C/C⋯H, H⋯Br/Br⋯H, C⋯C and Br⋯O/O⋯Br contacts (Fig. 5
).
| Figure 5 Two-dimensional fingerprint plots for compound (I) |
5. Synthesis and crystallization
Compound (I)
was synthesized by dissolving isophorone (1 mmol, 0.140 g) and 2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (1 mmol, 0.247 g) in absolute ethanol (15 ml) in a round-bottom flask of 50 ml and stirring. Following that, a 20%wt sodium hydroxide solution (1 mmol, 0.04 g) was added dropwise under continuous stirring. The reaction mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature (298 K) for 6 h. The progress of the condensation reaction was monitored from time to time by (TLC) on a hexane–ethyl acetate (7:3) solvent system. After completion, the mixture was transferred to crushed ice, which caused the development of a yellow precipitate. The solid was filtered off under reduced pressure, washed with cold distilled water, and dried at room temperature. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol to obtain crystals of (I)
.
6. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure details are summarized in Table 2
. All H atoms were placed in idealized positions and allowed to ride on their parent atoms: C—H = 0.93–0.97 Å with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) for other H atoms.
|
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 2473698
contains datablocks I, shelx. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025006413/wm5763sup1.cif
Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025006413/wm5763Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025006413/wm5763Isup3.cml
| C18H21BrO3 | F(000) = 752 |
| Mr = 365.26 | Dx = 1.405 Mg m−3 |
| Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
| a = 11.9084 (8) Å | Cell parameters from 9892 reflections |
| b = 8.1667 (5) Å | θ = 2.6–24.9° |
| c = 18.1737 (13) Å | µ = 2.39 mm−1 |
| β = 102.231 (2)° | T = 300 K |
| V = 1727.3 (2) Å3 | Block, yellow |
| Z = 4 | 0.19 × 0.17 × 0.09 mm |
| Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2767 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
| Radiation source: i-mu-s microfocus source | Rint = 0.045 |
| φ and ω scans | θmax = 28.3°, θmin = 2.6° |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015) | h = −15→15 |
| Tmin = 0.636, Tmax = 0.746 | k = −10→10 |
| 33400 measured reflections | l = −24→24 |
| 4282 independent reflections |
| Refinement on F2 | 0 restraints |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
| R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.036 | H-atom parameters constrained |
| wR(F2) = 0.084 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.032P)2 + 0.5285P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
| S = 1.03 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
| 4282 reflections | Δρmax = 0.25 e Å−3 |
| 199 parameters | Δρmin = −0.38 e Å−3 |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
| x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
| Br1 | 0.21244 (2) | 0.20268 (3) | 0.03311 (2) | 0.06997 (12) | |
| O1 | 0.66634 (15) | 1.0834 (2) | 0.14033 (11) | 0.0836 (6) | |
| O2 | −0.01107 (12) | 0.74963 (19) | −0.16748 (9) | 0.0603 (4) | |
| O3 | −0.11576 (12) | 0.47454 (18) | −0.16639 (9) | 0.0600 (4) | |
| C1 | 0.52228 (18) | 0.8950 (3) | 0.09158 (12) | 0.0569 (6) | |
| H1 | 0.477268 | 0.976060 | 0.063868 | 0.068* | |
| C2 | 0.63384 (19) | 0.9412 (3) | 0.13716 (12) | 0.0586 (6) | |
| C3 | 0.70601 (18) | 0.8051 (3) | 0.17758 (13) | 0.0554 (6) | |
| H3A | 0.757898 | 0.849533 | 0.221475 | 0.067* | |
| H3B | 0.752286 | 0.759373 | 0.144658 | 0.067* | |
| C4 | 0.63502 (16) | 0.6684 (2) | 0.20260 (11) | 0.0441 (5) | |
| C5 | 0.54760 (17) | 0.6074 (3) | 0.13380 (12) | 0.0511 (5) | |
| H5A | 0.587780 | 0.544519 | 0.102108 | 0.061* | |
| H5B | 0.493931 | 0.534370 | 0.150666 | 0.061* | |
| C6 | 0.48127 (17) | 0.7415 (3) | 0.08760 (11) | 0.0471 (5) | |
| C7 | 0.37120 (18) | 0.7062 (3) | 0.03714 (11) | 0.0536 (6) | |
| H7 | 0.335261 | 0.793272 | 0.008546 | 0.064* | |
| C8 | 0.31710 (17) | 0.5639 (3) | 0.02768 (11) | 0.0496 (5) | |
| H8 | 0.352859 | 0.475488 | 0.055327 | 0.060* | |
| C9 | 0.20528 (16) | 0.5337 (3) | −0.02282 (10) | 0.0444 (5) | |
| C10 | 0.14791 (17) | 0.3853 (3) | −0.02615 (11) | 0.0452 (5) | |
| C11 | 0.04082 (17) | 0.3600 (3) | −0.07330 (11) | 0.0478 (5) | |
| H11 | 0.004492 | 0.259107 | −0.073778 | 0.057* | |
| C12 | −0.01094 (16) | 0.4839 (3) | −0.11895 (11) | 0.0452 (5) | |
| C13 | 0.04507 (16) | 0.6359 (3) | −0.11840 (11) | 0.0449 (5) | |
| C14 | 0.15029 (17) | 0.6574 (3) | −0.07094 (11) | 0.0478 (5) | |
| H14 | 0.186674 | 0.758185 | −0.070673 | 0.057* | |
| C15 | 0.5738 (2) | 0.7347 (3) | 0.26188 (12) | 0.0638 (6) | |
| H15A | 0.523896 | 0.822936 | 0.240823 | 0.096* | |
| H15B | 0.529205 | 0.648981 | 0.277875 | 0.096* | |
| H15C | 0.629523 | 0.774031 | 0.304298 | 0.096* | |
| C16 | 0.7137 (2) | 0.5289 (3) | 0.23628 (15) | 0.0737 (7) | |
| H16A | 0.752552 | 0.486776 | 0.199091 | 0.111* | |
| H16B | 0.769349 | 0.568486 | 0.278733 | 0.111* | |
| H16C | 0.669031 | 0.443436 | 0.252311 | 0.111* | |
| C17 | 0.0350 (2) | 0.9103 (3) | −0.16221 (16) | 0.0733 (7) | |
| H17A | −0.011771 | 0.978807 | −0.199475 | 0.110* | |
| H17B | 0.036049 | 0.953757 | −0.112985 | 0.110* | |
| H17C | 0.111881 | 0.907246 | −0.170618 | 0.110* | |
| C18 | −0.1695 (2) | 0.3181 (3) | −0.17712 (15) | 0.0699 (7) | |
| H18A | −0.242412 | 0.327809 | −0.211566 | 0.105* | |
| H18B | −0.121412 | 0.243649 | −0.197319 | 0.105* | |
| H18C | −0.180950 | 0.277343 | −0.129703 | 0.105* |
| U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
| Br1 | 0.07534 (19) | 0.05863 (17) | 0.06375 (17) | −0.00047 (12) | −0.01275 (12) | 0.01078 (12) |
| O1 | 0.0711 (11) | 0.0741 (12) | 0.0917 (13) | −0.0346 (10) | −0.0141 (10) | 0.0226 (10) |
| O2 | 0.0468 (9) | 0.0514 (9) | 0.0701 (10) | −0.0037 (7) | −0.0158 (8) | 0.0076 (8) |
| O3 | 0.0446 (8) | 0.0494 (9) | 0.0727 (10) | −0.0071 (7) | −0.0174 (7) | −0.0094 (7) |
| C1 | 0.0484 (12) | 0.0665 (15) | 0.0475 (12) | −0.0123 (11) | −0.0084 (10) | 0.0180 (11) |
| C2 | 0.0511 (13) | 0.0709 (16) | 0.0493 (13) | −0.0201 (12) | 0.0006 (10) | 0.0117 (11) |
| C3 | 0.0369 (11) | 0.0714 (15) | 0.0527 (13) | −0.0080 (11) | −0.0025 (9) | −0.0028 (11) |
| C4 | 0.0350 (10) | 0.0482 (12) | 0.0439 (11) | 0.0024 (9) | −0.0034 (9) | −0.0009 (9) |
| C5 | 0.0413 (11) | 0.0528 (13) | 0.0534 (12) | −0.0024 (10) | −0.0030 (9) | −0.0061 (10) |
| C6 | 0.0389 (11) | 0.0640 (13) | 0.0338 (10) | −0.0089 (10) | −0.0022 (8) | 0.0018 (9) |
| C7 | 0.0449 (12) | 0.0648 (15) | 0.0432 (11) | −0.0074 (11) | −0.0087 (9) | 0.0096 (10) |
| C8 | 0.0426 (11) | 0.0579 (13) | 0.0431 (11) | −0.0016 (10) | −0.0025 (9) | −0.0001 (10) |
| C9 | 0.0379 (11) | 0.0529 (12) | 0.0381 (10) | −0.0046 (9) | −0.0020 (8) | −0.0038 (9) |
| C10 | 0.0443 (11) | 0.0480 (12) | 0.0388 (10) | 0.0015 (10) | −0.0012 (9) | −0.0024 (9) |
| C11 | 0.0452 (12) | 0.0455 (11) | 0.0488 (12) | −0.0087 (10) | 0.0011 (10) | −0.0084 (10) |
| C12 | 0.0375 (11) | 0.0474 (12) | 0.0454 (11) | −0.0022 (9) | −0.0033 (9) | −0.0099 (9) |
| C13 | 0.0373 (11) | 0.0473 (11) | 0.0458 (11) | −0.0017 (9) | −0.0011 (9) | −0.0018 (9) |
| C14 | 0.0396 (11) | 0.0489 (12) | 0.0496 (12) | −0.0090 (9) | −0.0024 (9) | −0.0016 (9) |
| C15 | 0.0647 (15) | 0.0781 (16) | 0.0462 (13) | 0.0081 (13) | 0.0062 (11) | 0.0081 (12) |
| C16 | 0.0533 (14) | 0.0646 (16) | 0.0885 (18) | 0.0120 (12) | −0.0180 (13) | 0.0019 (14) |
| C17 | 0.0567 (15) | 0.0519 (14) | 0.099 (2) | −0.0056 (12) | −0.0103 (13) | 0.0167 (14) |
| C18 | 0.0552 (14) | 0.0580 (15) | 0.0837 (18) | −0.0178 (12) | −0.0141 (13) | −0.0112 (13) |
| Br1—C10 | 1.904 (2) | C8—C9 | 1.469 (3) |
| O1—C2 | 1.222 (3) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
| O2—C13 | 1.361 (2) | C9—C10 | 1.386 (3) |
| O2—C17 | 1.418 (3) | C9—C14 | 1.404 (3) |
| O3—C12 | 1.361 (2) | C10—C11 | 1.393 (3) |
| O3—C18 | 1.424 (3) | C11—C12 | 1.369 (3) |
| C1—C6 | 1.342 (3) | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
| C1—C2 | 1.458 (3) | C12—C13 | 1.408 (3) |
| C1—H1 | 0.9300 | C13—C14 | 1.374 (3) |
| C2—C3 | 1.499 (3) | C14—H14 | 0.9300 |
| C3—C4 | 1.526 (3) | C15—H15A | 0.9600 |
| C3—H3A | 0.9700 | C15—H15B | 0.9600 |
| C3—H3B | 0.9700 | C15—H15C | 0.9600 |
| C4—C16 | 1.519 (3) | C16—H16A | 0.9600 |
| C4—C15 | 1.523 (3) | C16—H16B | 0.9600 |
| C4—C5 | 1.531 (3) | C16—H16C | 0.9600 |
| C5—C6 | 1.499 (3) | C17—H17A | 0.9600 |
| C5—H5A | 0.9700 | C17—H17B | 0.9600 |
| C5—H5B | 0.9700 | C17—H17C | 0.9600 |
| C6—C7 | 1.460 (3) | C18—H18A | 0.9600 |
| C7—C8 | 1.322 (3) | C18—H18B | 0.9600 |
| C7—H7 | 0.9300 | C18—H18C | 0.9600 |
| C13—O2—C17 | 117.28 (16) | C9—C10—Br1 | 121.60 (14) |
| C12—O3—C18 | 117.56 (17) | C11—C10—Br1 | 116.06 (16) |
| C6—C1—C2 | 123.3 (2) | C12—C11—C10 | 119.95 (19) |
| C6—C1—H1 | 118.3 | C12—C11—H11 | 120.0 |
| C2—C1—H1 | 118.3 | C10—C11—H11 | 120.0 |
| O1—C2—C1 | 120.9 (2) | O3—C12—C11 | 125.25 (18) |
| O1—C2—C3 | 122.6 (2) | O3—C12—C13 | 115.06 (18) |
| C1—C2—C3 | 116.4 (2) | C11—C12—C13 | 119.69 (17) |
| C2—C3—C4 | 113.08 (17) | O2—C13—C14 | 125.48 (19) |
| C2—C3—H3A | 109.0 | O2—C13—C12 | 115.52 (17) |
| C4—C3—H3A | 109.0 | C14—C13—C12 | 118.99 (19) |
| C2—C3—H3B | 109.0 | C13—C14—C9 | 122.85 (19) |
| C4—C3—H3B | 109.0 | C13—C14—H14 | 118.6 |
| H3A—C3—H3B | 107.8 | C9—C14—H14 | 118.6 |
| C16—C4—C15 | 109.19 (19) | C4—C15—H15A | 109.5 |
| C16—C4—C3 | 109.57 (18) | C4—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
| C15—C4—C3 | 109.23 (18) | H15A—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
| C16—C4—C5 | 109.85 (18) | C4—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C15—C4—C5 | 110.41 (17) | H15A—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C3—C4—C5 | 108.58 (17) | H15B—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C6—C5—C4 | 113.95 (18) | C4—C16—H16A | 109.5 |
| C6—C5—H5A | 108.8 | C4—C16—H16B | 109.5 |
| C4—C5—H5A | 108.8 | H16A—C16—H16B | 109.5 |
| C6—C5—H5B | 108.8 | C4—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
| C4—C5—H5B | 108.8 | H16A—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
| H5A—C5—H5B | 107.7 | H16B—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
| C1—C6—C7 | 119.1 (2) | O2—C17—H17A | 109.5 |
| C1—C6—C5 | 120.65 (18) | O2—C17—H17B | 109.5 |
| C7—C6—C5 | 120.26 (19) | H17A—C17—H17B | 109.5 |
| C8—C7—C6 | 127.1 (2) | O2—C17—H17C | 109.5 |
| C8—C7—H7 | 116.5 | H17A—C17—H17C | 109.5 |
| C6—C7—H7 | 116.5 | H17B—C17—H17C | 109.5 |
| C7—C8—C9 | 125.5 (2) | O3—C18—H18A | 109.5 |
| C7—C8—H8 | 117.2 | O3—C18—H18B | 109.5 |
| C9—C8—H8 | 117.2 | H18A—C18—H18B | 109.5 |
| C10—C9—C14 | 116.18 (17) | O3—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
| C10—C9—C8 | 123.18 (19) | H18A—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
| C14—C9—C8 | 120.64 (19) | H18B—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
| C9—C10—C11 | 122.34 (19) | ||
| C6—C1—C2—O1 | −178.3 (2) | C8—C9—C10—C11 | 178.66 (19) |
| C6—C1—C2—C3 | 3.2 (3) | C14—C9—C10—Br1 | 178.11 (15) |
| O1—C2—C3—C4 | 148.4 (2) | C8—C9—C10—Br1 | −2.1 (3) |
| C1—C2—C3—C4 | −33.1 (3) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | 0.5 (3) |
| C2—C3—C4—C16 | 174.69 (19) | Br1—C10—C11—C12 | −178.78 (16) |
| C2—C3—C4—C15 | −65.7 (2) | C18—O3—C12—C11 | −8.8 (3) |
| C2—C3—C4—C5 | 54.7 (2) | C18—O3—C12—C13 | 171.6 (2) |
| C16—C4—C5—C6 | −168.58 (19) | C10—C11—C12—O3 | −178.98 (19) |
| C15—C4—C5—C6 | 71.0 (2) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | 0.6 (3) |
| C3—C4—C5—C6 | −48.8 (2) | C17—O2—C13—C14 | −9.0 (3) |
| C2—C1—C6—C7 | −176.7 (2) | C17—O2—C13—C12 | 172.3 (2) |
| C2—C1—C6—C5 | 2.9 (3) | O3—C12—C13—O2 | −2.6 (3) |
| C4—C5—C6—C1 | 21.4 (3) | C11—C12—C13—O2 | 177.80 (19) |
| C4—C5—C6—C7 | −159.02 (19) | O3—C12—C13—C14 | 178.63 (19) |
| C1—C6—C7—C8 | −178.2 (2) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −1.0 (3) |
| C5—C6—C7—C8 | 2.2 (4) | O2—C13—C14—C9 | −178.3 (2) |
| C6—C7—C8—C9 | 178.9 (2) | C12—C13—C14—C9 | 0.3 (3) |
| C7—C8—C9—C10 | −174.6 (2) | C10—C9—C14—C13 | 0.8 (3) |
| C7—C8—C9—C14 | 5.2 (3) | C8—C9—C14—C13 | −179.09 (19) |
| C14—C9—C10—C11 | −1.2 (3) |
| D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
| C8—H8···Br1 | 0.93 | 2.76 | 3.212 (2) | 111 |
| C17—H17C···O1i | 0.96 | 2.58 | 3.495 (3) | 159 |
| Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+2, −z. |
Footnotes
‡Additional correspondence author, e-mail: [email protected].
Acknowledgements
The authors are very much thankful to the Single Crystal XRD Facility at VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing the instrumentation and support necessary for this study.
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