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ISSN: 2056-9890

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-[(E)-2-(2-bromo-4,5-di­meth­­oxy­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-5,5-di­methyl­cyclo­hex-2-en-1-one

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aDepartment of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India, bPG & Research Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, C Mutlur, Chidambaram 608 102, India, and cPG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Melur 625 106, India
*Correspondence e-mail: [email protected]

Edited by M. Weil, Vienna University of Technology, Austria (Received 3 July 2025; accepted 17 July 2025; online 23 July 2025)

In the title compound, C18H21BrO3, which represents an isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclo­hexen-1-one) derivative, the cyclo­hexene ring adopts a twist-boat conformation. An intra­molecular C—H⋯Br hydrogen bond between a methine H atom and the Br substituent at the phenyl ring leads to the stabilization of the mol­ecular conformation. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds as well as ππ inter­actions are observed in the crystal. The inter­molecular inter­actions were qu­anti­fied and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis, revealing that H⋯H inter­actions contribute most (46.9%) to the crystal packing.

1. Chemical context

Isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclo­hexen-1-one) is a colourless to pale yellow cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone, characterized by a distinctive peppermint-like odour (Kataoka et al., 2007[Kataoka, H., Terada, Y., Inoue, R. & Mitani, K. (2007). J. Chromatogr. A 1155, 100-104.]). The presence of a conjugated enone system makes isophorone an excellent synthon for carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions, thus establishing its role as a valuable inter­mediate in synthetic organic chemistry. In recent years, isophorone-derived compounds have garnered considerable attention due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti­cancer (Logeshwari et al., 2024[Logeshwari, G., Jeyashri, K. R., Rajkumar, M., Manikandan, H., Sivakumar, K., Selvanayagam, S. & Rajathi, V. (2024). Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 319, 124577.]), anti­microbial and anti­oxidant (Kozak et al., 2019[Kozak, Z., Pıravadılı Mucur, S., Canımkurbey, B., İdil, Ö., Eryılmaz, S. & Gul, M. (2019). Res. Chem. Intermed. 45, 5625-5639.]) effects. These pharmacological properties are primarily attributed to the introduction of styryl or aryl moieties through condensation with bioactive aldehydes, positioning isophorone as an important scaffold in drug discovery.

[Scheme 1]

In the context given above, we synthesized an isophorone derivative and report here the mol­ecular and crystal structure, and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-[(E)-2-(2-bromo-4,5-di­meth­oxy­phen­yl)ethen­yl]-5,5-di­methyl­cyclo­hex-2-en-1-one, (I)[link].

2. Structural commentary

The mol­ecular structure of (I)[link] is displayed in Fig. 1[link]. The O1—C2 [1.222 (3) Å], C1—C6 [1.342 (3) Å] and C7—C8 [1.322 (3) Å] bond lengths confirm the double-bond character. The reduction of the bond angle C10—C9—C14 [116.2 (2)°] is due to the short contact H7⋯H14 (2.05 Å). The cyclo­hexene ring adopts a twist-boat conformation with puckering parameters (Cremer & Pople, 1975[Cremer, D. & Pople, J. A. (1975). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1354-1358.]) q2 = 0.374 (2) Å, q3 = −0.274 (2) Å, QT = 0.464 (2) Å and φ = 349.5 (4)°. Atom C4 deviates by −0.638 (2) Å from the least-squares plane through the remaining five atoms (C1–C3/C5/C6) of the ring. The mean plane calculation of the bromo dimethyl phenyl ring reveals that the methyl atoms C17 and C18 deviate by −0.051 (2) and 0.065 (2) Å, respectively, from the plane while the bromine atom deviates by 0.008 (1) Å. A weak intra­molecular contact (Table 1[link]) between a methine H atom and the Br atom attached to the phenyl ring leads to the stabilization of the mol­ecular conformation. This C8—H8⋯Br1 inter­action forms an S(5) ring motif (Bernstein et al., 1995[Bernstein, J., Davis, R. E., Shimoni, L. & Chang, N.-L. (1995). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 1555-1573.]), as shown in Fig. 1[link].

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C8—H8⋯Br1 0.93 2.76 3.212 (2) 111
C17—H17C⋯O1i 0.96 2.58 3.495 (3) 159
Symmetry code: (i) Mathematical equation.
[Figure 1]
Figure 1
A view of the mol­ecular structure of compound (I)[link], showing the atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. The intra­molecular hydrogen bond is shown as a dashed line.

3. Supra­molecular features

In the crystal, mol­ecules associate pairwise via C17—H17C⋯O1i hydrogen bonds (Table 1[link]) into inversion dimers with an R22(24) graph-set motif (Etter et al., 1990[Etter, M. C., MacDonald, J. C. & Bernstein, J. (1990). Acta Cryst. B46, 256-262.]), as shown in Fig. 2[link]. Moreover, ππ inter­actions are observed between the centroids of inversion-related benzene rings (C9–C14) with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.825 (1) Å and a slippage of 1.435 Å (Fig. 3[link]).

[Figure 2]
Figure 2
The formation of a centrosymmetric dimer in the crystal structure of (I)[link] through C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. [Symmetry code: (a) −x + 1, −y + 2, -z.]
[Figure 3]
Figure 3
The crystal packing of (I)[link] with ππ inter­molecular inter­actions shown as dashed lines. For clarity, H atoms have been omitted.

4. Hirshfeld surface analysis

Inter­molecular inter­actions were qu­anti­fied by a Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis (Spackman & Jayatilaka, 2009[Spackman, M. A. & Jayatilaka, D. (2009). CrystEngComm 11, 19-32.]) using CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., 2021[Spackman, P. R., Turner, M. J., McKinnon, J. J., Wolff, S. K., Grimwood, D. J., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2021). J. Appl. Cryst. 54, 1006-1011.]). The HS mapped over dnorm is illustrated in Fig. 4[link]. where the deep-red spots at O1 and H17C represent distances shorter than van der Waals radii and are indicative of the inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond discussed above.

[Figure 4]
Figure 4
A view of the Hirshfeld surface mapped over dnorm for compound (I)[link].

The associated two-dimensional fingerprint plots (McKinnon et al., 2007[McKinnon, J. J., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2007). Chem. Commun. pp. 3814-3816.]) provide qu­anti­tative information about the non-covalent inter­actions in the crystal packing in terms of the percentage contribution of the inter­atomic contacts (Spackman & McKinnon, 2002[Spackman, M. A. & McKinnon, J. J. (2002). CrystEngComm 4, 378-392.]). The overall two-dimensional fingerprint plot is shown in Fig. 5[link] (top left). The HS analysis reveals that H⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H contacts are the main contributors to the crystal packing, followed by H⋯C/C⋯H, H⋯Br/Br⋯H, C⋯C and Br⋯O/O⋯Br contacts (Fig. 5[link]).

[Figure 5]
Figure 5
Two-dimensional fingerprint plots for compound (I)[link], showing all inter­actions, and delineated into H⋯H, H⋯O/O⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H, H⋯Br/Br⋯H, C⋯C and Br⋯O/O⋯Br inter­actions. The di and de values are the closest inter­nal and external distances (in Å) from given points on the Hirshfeld surface.

5. Synthesis and crystallization

Compound (I)[link] was synthesized by dissolving isophorone (1 mmol, 0.140 g) and 2-bromo-4,5-di­meth­oxy­benzaldehyde (1 mmol, 0.247 g) in absolute ethanol (15 ml) in a round-bottom flask of 50 ml and stirring. Following that, a 20%wt sodium hydroxide solution (1 mmol, 0.04 g) was added dropwise under continuous stirring. The reaction mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature (298 K) for 6 h. The progress of the condensation reaction was monitored from time to time by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on a hexa­ne–ethyl acetate (7:3) solvent system. After completion, the mixture was transferred to crushed ice, which caused the development of a yellow precipitate. The solid was filtered off under reduced pressure, washed with cold distilled water, and dried at room temperature. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol to obtain crystals of (I)[link].

6. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2[link]. All H atoms were placed in idealized positions and allowed to ride on their parent atoms: C—H = 0.93–0.97 Å with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) for other H atoms.

Table 2
Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula C18H21BrO3
Mr 365.26
Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K) 300
a, b, c (Å) 11.9084 (8), 8.1667 (5), 18.1737 (13)
β (°) 102.231 (2)
V3) 1727.3 (2)
Z 4
Radiation type Mo Kα
μ (mm−1) 2.39
Crystal size (mm) 0.19 × 0.17 × 0.09
 
Data collection
Diffractometer Bruker APEXII CCD
Absorption correction Multi-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015[Krause, L., Herbst-Irmer, R., Sheldrick, G. M. & Stalke, D. (2015). J. Appl. Cryst. 48, 3-10.])
Tmin, Tmax 0.636, 0.746
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections 33400, 4282, 2767
Rint 0.045
(sin θ/λ)max−1) 0.667
 
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.036, 0.084, 1.03
No. of reflections 4282
No. of parameters 199
H-atom treatment H-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) 0.25, −0.38
Computer programs: APEX3 and SAINT (Bruker, 2017[Bruker (2017). APEX3 and SAINT. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, U. S. A.]), SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015a[Sheldrick, G. M. (2015a). Acta Cryst. A71, 3-8.]), SHELXL (Sheldrick, 2015b[Sheldrick, G. M. (2015b). Acta Cryst. C71, 3-8.]), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012[Farrugia, L. J. (2012). J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 849-854.]), PLATON (Spek, 2020[Spek, A. L. (2020). Acta Cryst. E76, 1-11.]) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010[Westrip, S. P. (2010). J. Appl. Cryst. 43, 920-925.]).

Supporting information


Computing details top

3-[(E)-2-(2-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one top
Crystal data top
C18H21BrO3F(000) = 752
Mr = 365.26Dx = 1.405 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/cMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 11.9084 (8) ÅCell parameters from 9892 reflections
b = 8.1667 (5) Åθ = 2.6–24.9°
c = 18.1737 (13) ŵ = 2.39 mm1
β = 102.231 (2)°T = 300 K
V = 1727.3 (2) Å3Block, yellow
Z = 40.19 × 0.17 × 0.09 mm
Data collection top
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
2767 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: i-mu-s microfocus sourceRint = 0.045
φ and ω scansθmax = 28.3°, θmin = 2.6°
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Krause et al., 2015)
h = 1515
Tmin = 0.636, Tmax = 0.746k = 1010
33400 measured reflectionsl = 2424
4282 independent reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F20 restraints
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.036H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.084 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.032P)2 + 0.5285P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.03(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
4282 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.25 e Å3
199 parametersΔρmin = 0.38 e Å3
Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Br10.21244 (2)0.20268 (3)0.03311 (2)0.06997 (12)
O10.66634 (15)1.0834 (2)0.14033 (11)0.0836 (6)
O20.01107 (12)0.74963 (19)0.16748 (9)0.0603 (4)
O30.11576 (12)0.47454 (18)0.16639 (9)0.0600 (4)
C10.52228 (18)0.8950 (3)0.09158 (12)0.0569 (6)
H10.4772680.9760600.0638680.068*
C20.63384 (19)0.9412 (3)0.13716 (12)0.0586 (6)
C30.70601 (18)0.8051 (3)0.17758 (13)0.0554 (6)
H3A0.7578980.8495330.2214750.067*
H3B0.7522860.7593730.1446580.067*
C40.63502 (16)0.6684 (2)0.20260 (11)0.0441 (5)
C50.54760 (17)0.6074 (3)0.13380 (12)0.0511 (5)
H5A0.5877800.5445190.1021080.061*
H5B0.4939310.5343700.1506660.061*
C60.48127 (17)0.7415 (3)0.08760 (11)0.0471 (5)
C70.37120 (18)0.7062 (3)0.03714 (11)0.0536 (6)
H70.3352610.7932720.0085460.064*
C80.31710 (17)0.5639 (3)0.02768 (11)0.0496 (5)
H80.3528590.4754880.0553270.060*
C90.20528 (16)0.5337 (3)0.02282 (10)0.0444 (5)
C100.14791 (17)0.3853 (3)0.02615 (11)0.0452 (5)
C110.04082 (17)0.3600 (3)0.07330 (11)0.0478 (5)
H110.0044920.2591070.0737780.057*
C120.01094 (16)0.4839 (3)0.11895 (11)0.0452 (5)
C130.04507 (16)0.6359 (3)0.11840 (11)0.0449 (5)
C140.15029 (17)0.6574 (3)0.07094 (11)0.0478 (5)
H140.1866740.7581850.0706730.057*
C150.5738 (2)0.7347 (3)0.26188 (12)0.0638 (6)
H15A0.5238960.8229360.2408230.096*
H15B0.5292050.6489810.2778750.096*
H15C0.6295230.7740310.3042980.096*
C160.7137 (2)0.5289 (3)0.23628 (15)0.0737 (7)
H16A0.7525520.4867760.1990910.111*
H16B0.7693490.5684860.2787330.111*
H16C0.6690310.4434360.2523110.111*
C170.0350 (2)0.9103 (3)0.16221 (16)0.0733 (7)
H17A0.0117710.9788070.1994750.110*
H17B0.0360490.9537570.1129850.110*
H17C0.1118810.9072460.1706180.110*
C180.1695 (2)0.3181 (3)0.17712 (15)0.0699 (7)
H18A0.2424120.3278090.2115660.105*
H18B0.1214120.2436490.1973190.105*
H18C0.1809500.2773430.1297030.105*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Br10.07534 (19)0.05863 (17)0.06375 (17)0.00047 (12)0.01275 (12)0.01078 (12)
O10.0711 (11)0.0741 (12)0.0917 (13)0.0346 (10)0.0141 (10)0.0226 (10)
O20.0468 (9)0.0514 (9)0.0701 (10)0.0037 (7)0.0158 (8)0.0076 (8)
O30.0446 (8)0.0494 (9)0.0727 (10)0.0071 (7)0.0174 (7)0.0094 (7)
C10.0484 (12)0.0665 (15)0.0475 (12)0.0123 (11)0.0084 (10)0.0180 (11)
C20.0511 (13)0.0709 (16)0.0493 (13)0.0201 (12)0.0006 (10)0.0117 (11)
C30.0369 (11)0.0714 (15)0.0527 (13)0.0080 (11)0.0025 (9)0.0028 (11)
C40.0350 (10)0.0482 (12)0.0439 (11)0.0024 (9)0.0034 (9)0.0009 (9)
C50.0413 (11)0.0528 (13)0.0534 (12)0.0024 (10)0.0030 (9)0.0061 (10)
C60.0389 (11)0.0640 (13)0.0338 (10)0.0089 (10)0.0022 (8)0.0018 (9)
C70.0449 (12)0.0648 (15)0.0432 (11)0.0074 (11)0.0087 (9)0.0096 (10)
C80.0426 (11)0.0579 (13)0.0431 (11)0.0016 (10)0.0025 (9)0.0001 (10)
C90.0379 (11)0.0529 (12)0.0381 (10)0.0046 (9)0.0020 (8)0.0038 (9)
C100.0443 (11)0.0480 (12)0.0388 (10)0.0015 (10)0.0012 (9)0.0024 (9)
C110.0452 (12)0.0455 (11)0.0488 (12)0.0087 (10)0.0011 (10)0.0084 (10)
C120.0375 (11)0.0474 (12)0.0454 (11)0.0022 (9)0.0033 (9)0.0099 (9)
C130.0373 (11)0.0473 (11)0.0458 (11)0.0017 (9)0.0011 (9)0.0018 (9)
C140.0396 (11)0.0489 (12)0.0496 (12)0.0090 (9)0.0024 (9)0.0016 (9)
C150.0647 (15)0.0781 (16)0.0462 (13)0.0081 (13)0.0062 (11)0.0081 (12)
C160.0533 (14)0.0646 (16)0.0885 (18)0.0120 (12)0.0180 (13)0.0019 (14)
C170.0567 (15)0.0519 (14)0.099 (2)0.0056 (12)0.0103 (13)0.0167 (14)
C180.0552 (14)0.0580 (15)0.0837 (18)0.0178 (12)0.0141 (13)0.0112 (13)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
Br1—C101.904 (2)C8—C91.469 (3)
O1—C21.222 (3)C8—H80.9300
O2—C131.361 (2)C9—C101.386 (3)
O2—C171.418 (3)C9—C141.404 (3)
O3—C121.361 (2)C10—C111.393 (3)
O3—C181.424 (3)C11—C121.369 (3)
C1—C61.342 (3)C11—H110.9300
C1—C21.458 (3)C12—C131.408 (3)
C1—H10.9300C13—C141.374 (3)
C2—C31.499 (3)C14—H140.9300
C3—C41.526 (3)C15—H15A0.9600
C3—H3A0.9700C15—H15B0.9600
C3—H3B0.9700C15—H15C0.9600
C4—C161.519 (3)C16—H16A0.9600
C4—C151.523 (3)C16—H16B0.9600
C4—C51.531 (3)C16—H16C0.9600
C5—C61.499 (3)C17—H17A0.9600
C5—H5A0.9700C17—H17B0.9600
C5—H5B0.9700C17—H17C0.9600
C6—C71.460 (3)C18—H18A0.9600
C7—C81.322 (3)C18—H18B0.9600
C7—H70.9300C18—H18C0.9600
C13—O2—C17117.28 (16)C9—C10—Br1121.60 (14)
C12—O3—C18117.56 (17)C11—C10—Br1116.06 (16)
C6—C1—C2123.3 (2)C12—C11—C10119.95 (19)
C6—C1—H1118.3C12—C11—H11120.0
C2—C1—H1118.3C10—C11—H11120.0
O1—C2—C1120.9 (2)O3—C12—C11125.25 (18)
O1—C2—C3122.6 (2)O3—C12—C13115.06 (18)
C1—C2—C3116.4 (2)C11—C12—C13119.69 (17)
C2—C3—C4113.08 (17)O2—C13—C14125.48 (19)
C2—C3—H3A109.0O2—C13—C12115.52 (17)
C4—C3—H3A109.0C14—C13—C12118.99 (19)
C2—C3—H3B109.0C13—C14—C9122.85 (19)
C4—C3—H3B109.0C13—C14—H14118.6
H3A—C3—H3B107.8C9—C14—H14118.6
C16—C4—C15109.19 (19)C4—C15—H15A109.5
C16—C4—C3109.57 (18)C4—C15—H15B109.5
C15—C4—C3109.23 (18)H15A—C15—H15B109.5
C16—C4—C5109.85 (18)C4—C15—H15C109.5
C15—C4—C5110.41 (17)H15A—C15—H15C109.5
C3—C4—C5108.58 (17)H15B—C15—H15C109.5
C6—C5—C4113.95 (18)C4—C16—H16A109.5
C6—C5—H5A108.8C4—C16—H16B109.5
C4—C5—H5A108.8H16A—C16—H16B109.5
C6—C5—H5B108.8C4—C16—H16C109.5
C4—C5—H5B108.8H16A—C16—H16C109.5
H5A—C5—H5B107.7H16B—C16—H16C109.5
C1—C6—C7119.1 (2)O2—C17—H17A109.5
C1—C6—C5120.65 (18)O2—C17—H17B109.5
C7—C6—C5120.26 (19)H17A—C17—H17B109.5
C8—C7—C6127.1 (2)O2—C17—H17C109.5
C8—C7—H7116.5H17A—C17—H17C109.5
C6—C7—H7116.5H17B—C17—H17C109.5
C7—C8—C9125.5 (2)O3—C18—H18A109.5
C7—C8—H8117.2O3—C18—H18B109.5
C9—C8—H8117.2H18A—C18—H18B109.5
C10—C9—C14116.18 (17)O3—C18—H18C109.5
C10—C9—C8123.18 (19)H18A—C18—H18C109.5
C14—C9—C8120.64 (19)H18B—C18—H18C109.5
C9—C10—C11122.34 (19)
C6—C1—C2—O1178.3 (2)C8—C9—C10—C11178.66 (19)
C6—C1—C2—C33.2 (3)C14—C9—C10—Br1178.11 (15)
O1—C2—C3—C4148.4 (2)C8—C9—C10—Br12.1 (3)
C1—C2—C3—C433.1 (3)C9—C10—C11—C120.5 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C16174.69 (19)Br1—C10—C11—C12178.78 (16)
C2—C3—C4—C1565.7 (2)C18—O3—C12—C118.8 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C554.7 (2)C18—O3—C12—C13171.6 (2)
C16—C4—C5—C6168.58 (19)C10—C11—C12—O3178.98 (19)
C15—C4—C5—C671.0 (2)C10—C11—C12—C130.6 (3)
C3—C4—C5—C648.8 (2)C17—O2—C13—C149.0 (3)
C2—C1—C6—C7176.7 (2)C17—O2—C13—C12172.3 (2)
C2—C1—C6—C52.9 (3)O3—C12—C13—O22.6 (3)
C4—C5—C6—C121.4 (3)C11—C12—C13—O2177.80 (19)
C4—C5—C6—C7159.02 (19)O3—C12—C13—C14178.63 (19)
C1—C6—C7—C8178.2 (2)C11—C12—C13—C141.0 (3)
C5—C6—C7—C82.2 (4)O2—C13—C14—C9178.3 (2)
C6—C7—C8—C9178.9 (2)C12—C13—C14—C90.3 (3)
C7—C8—C9—C10174.6 (2)C10—C9—C14—C130.8 (3)
C7—C8—C9—C145.2 (3)C8—C9—C14—C13179.09 (19)
C14—C9—C10—C111.2 (3)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C8—H8···Br10.932.763.212 (2)111
C17—H17C···O1i0.962.583.495 (3)159
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y+2, z.
 

Footnotes

Additional correspondence author, e-mail: [email protected].

Acknowledgements

The authors are very much thankful to the Single Crystal XRD Facility at VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing the instrumentation and support necessary for this study.

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