research communications\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

Journal logoCRYSTALLOGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATIONS
ISSN: 2056-9890

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 4-benzyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one

crossmark logo

aLaboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research, Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco, bUniversity of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, cDepartment of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Türkiye, dScience and Technology of Lille USR 3290, Villeneuve d'ascq cedex, France, and eLaboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
*Correspondence e-mail: [email protected]

Edited by M. Weil, Vienna University of Technology, Austria (Received 28 July 2025; accepted 28 August 2025; online 5 September 2025)

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C15H13NO2, comprises a non-planar oxazine ring (twisted–boat conformation) fused to a benzene ring, and a benzyl moiety. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into [010] supra­molecular chains, enclosing R22(9) ring motifs. C—H⋯π inter­actions and very weak ππ stacking between the benzene rings of adjacent mol­ecules help to consolidate the packing. A Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (48.8%), H⋯ C/C⋯H (29.3%) and H⋯O/O⋯H (18.9%) inter­actions.

1. Chemical context

1,4-Benzoxazine and its derivatives are heterocycles, resulting from the fusion of a benzene ring with an oxazine ring, containing O and N heteroatoms in positions 1 and 4, respectively. These structural elements give these compounds high chemical reactivity and are of particular inter­est for the development of bioactive mol­ecules. Among them, 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones constitute a subclass with a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti­tumor, anti­bacterial, anti­fungal, anti­cancer, anti­viral and anti­depressant activities (Hlimi et al., 2018View full citation; Oksuzoglu et al., 2023View full citation; Tang et al., 2023View full citation; Fringuelli et al., 2002View full citation; Benarjee & Saritha, 2022View full citation; Rao et al., 2022View full citation; Zhou et al., 2006View full citation). As part of our research on benzoxazines (Sebbar et al., 2025View full citation), we developed a selective alkyl­ation strategy aimed at introducing a benzyl group, 2, onto the 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one nucleus, 1. This transformation was carried out in a polar aprotic solvent (di­methyl­formamide, DMF), in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as a base, allowing for an efficient reaction with a halogenated derivative (Fig. 1[link]). This methodology enables the targeted production of new functionalized derivatives for future structural and biological evaluations and led to the synthesis of 4-benzyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one (C15H13NO2), 3, in 90% yield. We report here on the mol­ecular and crystal structures of this compound and also present the results of its Hirshfeld surface analysis.

[Scheme 1]
[Figure 1]
Figure 1
Reaction scheme for obtaining the title compound, 3.

2. Structural commentary

Compound 3 contains a non-planar oxazine ring fused to a benzene ring, and a benzyl moiety (Fig. 2[link]). The oxazine ring A (O1/N1/C1–C4) has a twisted-boat conformation (Fig. 3[link]) with puckering parameters (Cremer & Pople, 1975View full citation) QT = 0.4286 (10) Å, θ = 112.77 (13)° and φ = 213.01 (15)°. The benzene rings B (C3–C8) and C (C10–C15) are oriented at a dihedral angle of 87.27 (3)°, and atom C9 is displaced by −0.1060 (11) Å from the mean plane of ring C. Bond lengths and angles appear to be in normal ranges.

[Figure 2]
Figure 2
The mol­ecular structure of 3 showing displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level.
[Figure 3]
Figure 3
Conformation of the oxazine ring atoms.

3. Supra­molecular features

In the crystal of 3, C1—H1A⋯O2i and C11—H11⋯O2i hydrogen bonds (Table 1[link]) link adjacent mol­ecules into [010] supra­molecular chains, enclosing R22(9) ring motifs (Etter et al., 1990View full citation), Fig. 4[link]. An additional C—H⋯π(ring) inter­action (Table 1[link]) and a very weak ππ stacking inter­action between the B rings of adjacent mol­ecules with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 4.0255 (6) Å, a dihedral angle α of 0.02 (5)° and a slippage of 2.291 Å help to consolidate the packing within the crystal.

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

Cg3 is the centroid of the C10–C15 ring.

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C1—H1A⋯O2i 0.99 2.50 3.2592 (12) 133
C11—H11⋯O2i 0.95 2.56 3.3765 (13) 146
C1—H1BCg3i 0.99 2.78 3.5952 (10) 143
Symmetry code: (i) Mathematical equation.
[Figure 4]
Figure 4
Partial packing diagram of 3 with inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds shown as dashed lines; only those hydrogen atoms involved in these inter­actions are shown.

4. Hirshfeld surface analysis

To qu­antify and visualize the inter­molecular inter­actions in the crystal of 3, a Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis was carried out with CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., 2021View full citation). Fig. 5[link] shows the contact distances on the HS where the bright-red spots correspond to the respective donors and/or acceptor sites noted above. According to the two-dimensional fingerprint plots (McKinnon et al., 2007View full citation), H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H contacts make the most significant contributions to the HS, at 48.8%, 29.3% and 18.9%, respectively (Fig. 6[link]).

[Figure 5]
Figure 5
View of the three-dimensional HS of 3 plotted over dnorm.
[Figure 6]
Figure 6
The two-dimensional fingerprint plots of 3, showing (a) all inter­actions, and delineated into (b) H⋯H, (c) H⋯C/C⋯H, (d) H⋯O/O⋯H, (e) C⋯C, (f) H⋯N/N⋯H, (g) C⋯O/O⋯C and (h) O⋯O inter­actions. The di and de values are the closest inter­nal and external distances (in Å) from given points on the Hirshfeld surface.

5. Database survey

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, updated July 2025; Groom et al., 2016View full citation) for compounds with the benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one moiety substituted in the 2-, 4-, 5-, or 7-positions revealed numerous entries. The compounds most closely related to 3 are schematically displayed in Fig. 7[link] and include: Structures I (CSD refcode DAMYOJ; Shaikh et al., 2021View full citation); II (BUHROO, with R1 = 4-(3-(2,4-di­methyl­phenyl­amino)­propan-2-ol­yl), R2 to R5 = H; Rao et al., 2020View full citation); III (DUFKEX; Yang et al., 2019View full citation); IV (HAHCEC, with R1 = CH3, R2 = 2-(2-methyl­prop-1-en­yl), R3 = 2-(4- methyl­benz­yl), R4 = R5 = H; Mohanta et al., 2023View full citation); V (INICIU; Nie et al., 2021View full citation) and VI (KOQSES; Winter et al., 2024View full citation). In comparison, the title compound 3 is N-benzyl­ated and unsubstituted on the ring (R2 R5 = H) and thus is distinguished by a moderate bulky group at the nitro­gen atom and greater rotational freedom of the –CH2–Ph arm, conditions favorable to (weak) ππ stacking and C—H⋯O contacts. Conversely, II and VI carry polar functions (e.g., alcohol/amine or hydroxyl groups) to establish O—H⋯O / N—H⋯O networks influencing the local conformation. III introduces a strongly electron-withdrawing group (tri­fluoro­methyl sulfon­yl), which strengthens the C—H⋯O contacts and modifies the electron density of oxazinone. I, IV, and V present bulky/aromatic substituents (N-alkyls, aryls), inducing more pronounced shifts (slippage) in the π stacks and higher N—C torsion angles, which result in distinct packing modes. The conformation of the oxazine ring in these structures is similar to that observed in the title compound.

[Figure 7]
Figure 7
Results of the database search with the closest structures identified.

6. Synthesis and crystallization

A dry mixture was prepared by combining 100 mg (0.6 mmol) of 2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one (previously dried under vacuum in a desiccator) with 92.1 mg (0.66 mmol) of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in 15 ml of anhydrous DMF. To this mixture, 0.66 mmol of benzyl bromide were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature, and the reaction progress was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Once the reaction was complete, the mixture was filtered to remove inorganic salts, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was then purified using silica gel column chromatography, employing a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate as the eluent. The target compound 3 was obtained as colorless crystals with an overall yield of 90%.

7. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2[link]. C-bound hydrogen atoms were calculated geometrically at CH = 0.95 Å and CH2 = 0.99 Å and refined using a riding model with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C).

Table 2
Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula C15H13NO2
Mr 239.26
Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K) 160
a, b, c (Å) 9.49281 (8), 5.79368 (5), 21.45658 (18)
β (°) 91.3621 (8)
V3) 1179.74 (2)
Z 4
Radiation type Cu Kα
μ (mm−1) 0.73
Crystal size (mm) 0.30 × 0.13 × 0.11
 
Data collection
Diffractometer XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, HyPix
Absorption correction Analytical (CrysAlis PRO; Rigaku OD, 2024View full citation)
Tmin, Tmax 0.859, 0.929
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections 15357, 2477, 2412
Rint 0.013
(sin θ/λ)max−1) 0.633
 
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.034, 0.089, 1.04
No. of reflections 2477
No. of parameters 163
H-atom treatment H-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) 0.17, −0.19
Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Rigaku OD, 2024View full citation), SHELXT (Sheldrick, 2015aView full citation), SHELXL (Sheldrick, 2015bView full citation), OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009View full citation) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010View full citation).

Supporting information


Computing details top

4-Benzyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one top
Crystal data top
C15H13NO2F(000) = 504
Mr = 239.26Dx = 1.347 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nCu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54184 Å
a = 9.49281 (8) ÅCell parameters from 12385 reflections
b = 5.79368 (5) Åθ = 4.1–79.3°
c = 21.45658 (18) ŵ = 0.73 mm1
β = 91.3621 (8)°T = 160 K
V = 1179.74 (2) Å3Block, colourless
Z = 40.30 × 0.13 × 0.11 mm
Data collection top
XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, HyPix
diffractometer
2477 independent reflections
Radiation source: micro-focus sealed X-ray tube, PhotonJet (Cu) X-ray Source2412 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Mirror monochromatorRint = 0.013
Detector resolution: 10.0000 pixels mm-1θmax = 77.3°, θmin = 4.1°
ω scansh = 1111
Absorption correction: analytical
(CrysAlisPro; Rigaku OD, 2024)
k = 67
Tmin = 0.859, Tmax = 0.929l = 2725
15357 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: dual
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.034H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.089 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.045P)2 + 0.3423P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.04(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
2477 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.17 e Å3
163 parametersΔρmin = 0.19 e Å3
0 restraints
Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O10.00508 (7)0.54481 (13)0.36181 (3)0.02998 (18)
O20.15569 (8)0.13347 (15)0.26572 (4)0.0379 (2)
N10.22040 (8)0.24375 (14)0.36413 (4)0.02528 (19)
C10.05704 (10)0.48342 (19)0.30398 (4)0.0284 (2)
H1A0.1154020.6137320.2896070.034*
H1B0.0187860.4573660.2722810.034*
C20.14752 (10)0.26962 (18)0.30884 (5)0.0268 (2)
C30.20721 (10)0.40933 (17)0.41222 (4)0.0242 (2)
C40.09204 (10)0.55889 (17)0.41010 (4)0.0251 (2)
C50.06932 (11)0.71387 (19)0.45779 (5)0.0319 (2)
H50.0101200.8135760.4559940.038*
C60.16316 (12)0.7230 (2)0.50828 (5)0.0357 (3)
H60.1476920.8283560.5413540.043*
C70.27928 (12)0.5787 (2)0.51046 (5)0.0356 (3)
H70.3440340.5869460.5448350.043*
C80.30189 (11)0.42197 (19)0.46287 (5)0.0308 (2)
H80.3818030.3232850.4647430.037*
C90.30952 (10)0.04000 (17)0.37316 (5)0.0289 (2)
H9A0.2726710.0846000.3457290.035*
H9B0.3008350.0129970.4167630.035*
C100.46435 (10)0.07306 (16)0.36029 (4)0.0239 (2)
C110.51780 (10)0.26787 (17)0.33164 (4)0.0264 (2)
H110.4573980.3938580.3215510.032*
C120.66043 (11)0.2784 (2)0.31765 (5)0.0323 (2)
H120.6971030.4123640.2983150.039*
C130.74884 (11)0.0947 (2)0.33182 (5)0.0359 (3)
H130.8455600.1015440.3215650.043*
C140.69600 (12)0.0988 (2)0.36092 (6)0.0370 (3)
H140.7565070.2247140.3709390.044*
C150.55472 (11)0.10865 (18)0.37543 (5)0.0317 (2)
H150.5191160.2409400.3959420.038*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O10.0217 (3)0.0411 (4)0.0271 (4)0.0047 (3)0.0009 (3)0.0012 (3)
O20.0347 (4)0.0444 (5)0.0346 (4)0.0014 (3)0.0012 (3)0.0142 (3)
N10.0218 (4)0.0267 (4)0.0274 (4)0.0008 (3)0.0003 (3)0.0016 (3)
C10.0239 (5)0.0378 (6)0.0236 (5)0.0006 (4)0.0001 (3)0.0005 (4)
C20.0206 (4)0.0331 (5)0.0269 (5)0.0043 (4)0.0019 (3)0.0028 (4)
C30.0231 (4)0.0266 (5)0.0232 (4)0.0032 (4)0.0031 (3)0.0015 (4)
C40.0226 (4)0.0286 (5)0.0242 (5)0.0026 (4)0.0031 (3)0.0025 (4)
C50.0322 (5)0.0316 (5)0.0324 (5)0.0007 (4)0.0081 (4)0.0013 (4)
C60.0433 (6)0.0366 (6)0.0276 (5)0.0062 (5)0.0075 (4)0.0061 (4)
C70.0365 (5)0.0453 (6)0.0249 (5)0.0078 (5)0.0019 (4)0.0005 (4)
C80.0269 (5)0.0377 (6)0.0276 (5)0.0009 (4)0.0013 (4)0.0020 (4)
C90.0266 (5)0.0234 (5)0.0366 (5)0.0011 (4)0.0024 (4)0.0018 (4)
C100.0247 (5)0.0236 (4)0.0235 (4)0.0007 (4)0.0009 (3)0.0025 (3)
C110.0287 (5)0.0256 (5)0.0248 (4)0.0015 (4)0.0014 (4)0.0005 (4)
C120.0330 (5)0.0356 (6)0.0283 (5)0.0093 (4)0.0034 (4)0.0024 (4)
C130.0239 (5)0.0450 (6)0.0389 (6)0.0031 (4)0.0028 (4)0.0126 (5)
C140.0290 (5)0.0333 (6)0.0483 (6)0.0067 (4)0.0043 (4)0.0074 (5)
C150.0314 (5)0.0244 (5)0.0391 (6)0.0012 (4)0.0011 (4)0.0008 (4)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
O1—C11.4313 (12)C7—C81.3869 (16)
O1—C41.3729 (12)C8—H80.9500
O2—C21.2197 (13)C9—H9A0.9900
N1—C21.3671 (13)C9—H9B0.9900
N1—C31.4167 (12)C9—C101.5140 (13)
N1—C91.4626 (12)C10—C111.3871 (14)
C1—H1A0.9900C10—C151.3916 (14)
C1—H1B0.9900C11—H110.9500
C1—C21.5096 (14)C11—C121.3951 (14)
C3—C41.3949 (14)C12—H120.9500
C3—C81.3957 (14)C12—C131.3847 (16)
C4—C51.3822 (14)C13—H130.9500
C5—H50.9500C13—C141.3831 (17)
C5—C61.3872 (16)C14—H140.9500
C6—H60.9500C14—C151.3852 (15)
C6—C71.3836 (17)C15—H150.9500
C7—H70.9500
C4—O1—C1112.70 (7)C3—C8—H8120.0
C2—N1—C3120.41 (8)C7—C8—C3119.97 (10)
C2—N1—C9118.86 (8)C7—C8—H8120.0
C3—N1—C9120.72 (8)N1—C9—H9A108.3
O1—C1—H1A109.0N1—C9—H9B108.3
O1—C1—H1B109.0N1—C9—C10115.77 (8)
O1—C1—C2112.92 (8)H9A—C9—H9B107.4
H1A—C1—H1B107.8C10—C9—H9A108.3
C2—C1—H1A109.0C10—C9—H9B108.3
C2—C1—H1B109.0C11—C10—C9123.41 (9)
O2—C2—N1123.18 (10)C11—C10—C15119.28 (9)
O2—C2—C1121.64 (9)C15—C10—C9117.22 (9)
N1—C2—C1115.17 (8)C10—C11—H11120.1
C4—C3—N1118.66 (9)C10—C11—C12119.87 (9)
C4—C3—C8118.86 (9)C12—C11—H11120.1
C8—C3—N1122.43 (9)C11—C12—H12119.8
O1—C4—C3119.97 (9)C13—C12—C11120.36 (10)
O1—C4—C5118.92 (9)C13—C12—H12119.8
C5—C4—C3121.02 (9)C12—C13—H13120.1
C4—C5—H5120.2C14—C13—C12119.84 (10)
C4—C5—C6119.63 (10)C14—C13—H13120.1
C6—C5—H5120.2C13—C14—H14120.1
C5—C6—H6120.0C13—C14—C15119.89 (10)
C7—C6—C5119.97 (10)C15—C14—H14120.1
C7—C6—H6120.0C10—C15—H15119.6
C6—C7—H7119.7C14—C15—C10120.74 (10)
C6—C7—C8120.52 (10)C14—C15—H15119.6
C8—C7—H7119.7
O1—C1—C2—O2145.86 (9)C4—C3—C8—C71.08 (15)
O1—C1—C2—N135.32 (12)C4—C5—C6—C70.48 (16)
O1—C4—C5—C6177.15 (9)C5—C6—C7—C80.89 (17)
N1—C3—C4—O10.48 (13)C6—C7—C8—C30.10 (16)
N1—C3—C4—C5175.91 (9)C8—C3—C4—O1177.89 (8)
N1—C3—C8—C7176.23 (9)C8—C3—C4—C51.50 (14)
N1—C9—C10—C1110.84 (14)C9—N1—C2—O21.88 (14)
N1—C9—C10—C15172.60 (9)C9—N1—C2—C1179.31 (8)
C1—O1—C4—C334.64 (12)C9—N1—C3—C4160.52 (9)
C1—O1—C4—C5148.89 (9)C9—N1—C3—C816.79 (13)
C2—N1—C3—C418.13 (13)C9—C10—C11—C12175.70 (9)
C2—N1—C3—C8164.55 (9)C9—C10—C15—C14175.23 (10)
C2—N1—C9—C1096.66 (11)C10—C11—C12—C130.47 (15)
C3—N1—C2—O2179.44 (9)C11—C10—C15—C141.48 (15)
C3—N1—C2—C10.63 (13)C11—C12—C13—C141.08 (16)
C3—N1—C9—C1084.67 (11)C12—C13—C14—C150.41 (16)
C3—C4—C5—C60.72 (15)C13—C14—C15—C100.88 (17)
C4—O1—C1—C251.88 (11)C15—C10—C11—C120.80 (14)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
Cg3 is the centroid of the C10–C15 ring.
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C1—H1A···O2i0.992.503.2592 (12)133
C11—H11···O2i0.952.563.3765 (13)146
C1—H1B···Cg3i0.992.783.5952 (10)143
Symmetry code: (i) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2.
 

Acknowledgements

TH is grateful to Hacettepe University Scientific Research Project Unit (grant No. 013 D04 602 004).

References

Return to citationBenarjee, V. & Saritha, B. (2022). Tetrahedron 124, 132979.  Google Scholar
Return to citationCremer, D. & Pople, J. A. (1975). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1354–1358.  CrossRef CAS Web of Science Google Scholar
Return to citationDolomanov, O. V., Bourhis, L. J., Gildea, R. J., Howard, J. A. K. & Puschmann, H. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 339–341.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationEtter, M. C., MacDonald, J. C. & Bernstein, J. (1990). Acta Cryst. B46, 256–262.  CrossRef ICSD CAS Web of Science IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationFringuelli, R., Pietrella, D., Schiaffella, F., Guarraci, A., Perito, S., Bistoni, F. & Vecchiarelli, A. (2002). Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10, 1681–1686.  Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Return to citationGroom, C. R., Bruno, I. J., Lightfoot, M. P. & Ward, S. C. (2016). Acta Cryst. B72, 171–179.  Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationHlimi, F., Sebbar, N. K., Himmi, B. & Kitane, S. (2018). J. Mar. Chim. Heterocycl. 17, 1–23.  CAS Google Scholar
Return to citationMcKinnon, J. J., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2007). Chem. Commun. pp. 3814–3816.  Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Return to citationMohanta, N., Samal, P. P., Pandey, A. M., Mondal, S., Krishnamurty, S. & Gnanaprakasam, B. (2023). J. Org. Chem. 88, 9686–9703.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Return to citationNie, Y., Li, J., Yan, J., Yuan, Q. & Zhang, W. (2021). Org. Lett. 23, 5373–5377.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Return to citationOksuzoglu, E., Yilmaz, S., Yenice Cakmak, G., Ataei, S. & Yildiz, I. (2023). J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 41, 8175–8190.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Return to citationRao, J., Liu, L., Zeng, D., Wang, M., Xiang, M. & Yang, S. (2020). RSC Adv. 10, 682–688.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Return to citationRao, J. R., Zhou, Y. F., Zhang, X. & Zhao, X. L. (2022). Chem. Biodivers. 19, e202200567.  Web of Science CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar
Return to citationRigaku OD. (2024). CrysAlis PRO. Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, Yarnton, England.  Google Scholar
Return to citationSebbar, N. K., El Ghayati, L., Hlimi, F., El Haddad, S. & Essassi, E. M. (2025). Curr. Org. Chem. 29. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113852728376259250404151339.  Google Scholar
Return to citationShaikh, M. A., Ubale, A. S. & Gnanaprakasam, B. (2021). Adv. Synth. Catal. 363, 4876–4882.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Return to citationSheldrick, G. M. (2015a). Acta Cryst. A71, 3–8.  Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationSheldrick, G. M. (2015b). Acta Cryst. C71, 3–8.  Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationSpackman, P. R., Turner, M. J., McKinnon, J. J., Wolff, S. K., Grimwood, D. J., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2021). J. Appl. Cryst. 54, 1006–1011.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationTang, C., Guo, W., Yang, S., Hu, X., Chen, X. & Wang, X. (2023). fchem. 11, 1233443.  Google Scholar
Return to citationWestrip, S. P. (2010). J. Appl. Cryst. 43, 920–925.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Return to citationWinter, J., Lühr, S., Hochadel, K., Gálvez-Vázquez, M. J., Prenzel, T., Schollmeyer, D. & Waldvogel, S. R. (2024). Chem. Commun. 60, 7065–7068.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Return to citationYang, J., Wu, J., Ye, J., Wang, C., Zheng, M., Tong, X., Miao, T. & Shi, Q. (2019). Asian J. Org. Chem. 8, 1846–1849.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Return to citationZhou, D., Harrison, B. L., Shah, U., Andree, T. H., Hornby, G. A., Scerni, R., Schechter, L. E., Smith, D. L., Sullivan, K. M. & Mewshaw, R. E. (2006). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16, 1338–1341.  Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.

Journal logoCRYSTALLOGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATIONS
ISSN: 2056-9890
Follow Acta Cryst. E
Sign up for e-alerts
Follow Acta Cryst. on Twitter
Follow us on facebook
Sign up for RSS feeds