research communications
accessand Hirshfeld surface analysis of 4-benzyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one
aLaboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research, Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco, bUniversity of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, cDepartment of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Türkiye, dScience and Technology of Lille USR 3290, Villeneuve d'ascq cedex, France, and eLaboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
*Correspondence e-mail: [email protected]
The molecule of the title compound, C15H13NO2, comprises a non-planar oxazine ring (twisted–boat conformation) fused to a benzene ring, and a benzyl moiety. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into [010] supramolecular chains, enclosing R22(9) ring motifs. C—H⋯π interactions and very weak π–π stacking between the benzene rings of adjacent molecules help to consolidate the packing. A Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (48.8%), H⋯ C/C⋯H (29.3%) and H⋯O/O⋯H (18.9%) interactions.
CCDC reference: 2483523
1. Chemical context
1,4-Benzoxazine and its derivatives are heterocycles, resulting from the fusion of a benzene ring with an oxazine ring, containing O and N heteroatoms in positions 1 and 4, respectively. These structural elements give these compounds high chemical reactivity and are of particular interest for the development of bioactive molecules. Among them, 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones constitute a subclass with a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral and antidepressant activities (Hlimi et al., 2018
; Oksuzoglu et al., 2023
; Tang et al., 2023
; Fringuelli et al., 2002
; Benarjee & Saritha, 2022
; Rao et al., 2022
; Zhou et al., 2006
). As part of our research on benzoxazines (Sebbar et al., 2025
), we developed a selective alkylation strategy aimed at introducing a benzyl group, 2, onto the 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one nucleus, 1. This transformation was carried out in a polar aprotic solvent (dimethylformamide, DMF), in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as a base, allowing for an efficient reaction with a halogenated derivative (Fig. 1
). This methodology enables the targeted production of new functionalized derivatives for future structural and biological evaluations and led to the synthesis of 4-benzyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one (C15H13NO2), 3, in 90% yield. We report here on the molecular and crystal structures of this compound and also present the results of its Hirshfeld surface analysis.
| | Figure 1 Reaction scheme for obtaining the title compound, 3. |
2. Structural commentary
Compound 3 contains a non-planar oxazine ring fused to a benzene ring, and a benzyl moiety (Fig. 2
). The oxazine ring A (O1/N1/C1–C4) has a twisted-boat conformation (Fig. 3
) with puckering parameters (Cremer & Pople, 1975
) QT = 0.4286 (10) Å, θ = 112.77 (13)° and φ = 213.01 (15)°. The benzene rings B (C3–C8) and C (C10–C15) are oriented at a dihedral angle of 87.27 (3)°, and atom C9 is displaced by −0.1060 (11) Å from the mean plane of ring C. Bond lengths and angles appear to be in normal ranges.
| Figure 2 The molecular structure of 3 showing displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level. |
| | Figure 3 Conformation of the oxazine ring atoms. |
3. Supramolecular features
In the crystal of 3, C1—H1A⋯O2i and C11—H11⋯O2i hydrogen bonds (Table 1
) link adjacent molecules into [010] supramolecular chains, enclosing R22(9) ring motifs (Etter et al., 1990
), Fig. 4
. An additional C—H⋯π(ring) interaction (Table 1
) and a very weak π–π stacking interaction between the B rings of adjacent molecules with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 4.0255 (6) Å, a dihedral angle α of 0.02 (5)° and a slippage of 2.291 Å help to consolidate the packing within the crystal.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Figure 4 Partial packing diagram of 3 with intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds shown as dashed lines; only those hydrogen atoms involved in these interactions are shown. |
4. Hirshfeld surface analysis
To quantify and visualize the intermolecular interactions in the crystal of 3, a Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis was carried out with CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., 2021
). Fig. 5
shows the contact distances on the HS where the bright-red spots correspond to the respective donors and/or acceptor sites noted above. According to the two-dimensional fingerprint plots (McKinnon et al., 2007
), H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H contacts make the most significant contributions to the HS, at 48.8%, 29.3% and 18.9%, respectively (Fig. 6
).
| Figure 5 View of the three-dimensional HS of 3 plotted over dnorm. |
| Figure 6 The two-dimensional fingerprint plots of 3, showing (a) all interactions, and delineated into (b) H⋯H, (c) H⋯C/C⋯H, (d) H⋯O/O⋯H, (e) C⋯C, (f) H⋯N/N⋯H, (g) C⋯O/O⋯C and (h) O⋯O interactions. The di and de values are the closest internal and external distances (in Å) from given points on the Hirshfeld surface. |
5. Database survey
A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, updated July 2025; Groom et al., 2016
) for compounds with the benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one moiety substituted in the 2-, 4-, 5-, or 7-positions revealed numerous entries. The compounds most closely related to 3 are schematically displayed in Fig. 7
and include: Structures I (CSD refcode DAMYOJ; Shaikh et al., 2021
); II (BUHROO, with R1 = 4-(3-(2,4-dimethylphenylamino)propan-2-olyl), R2 to R5 = H; Rao et al., 2020
); III (DUFKEX; Yang et al., 2019
); IV (HAHCEC, with R1 = CH3, R2 = 2-(2-methylprop-1-enyl), R3 = 2-(4- methylbenzyl), R4 = R5 = H; Mohanta et al., 2023
); V (INICIU; Nie et al., 2021
) and VI (KOQSES; Winter et al., 2024
). In comparison, the title compound 3 is N-benzylated and unsubstituted on the ring (R2 – R5 = H) and thus is distinguished by a moderate bulky group at the nitrogen atom and greater rotational freedom of the –CH2–Ph arm, conditions favorable to (weak) π–π stacking and C—H⋯O contacts. Conversely, II and VI carry polar functions (e.g., alcohol/amine or hydroxyl groups) to establish O—H⋯O / N—H⋯O networks influencing the local conformation. III introduces a strongly electron-withdrawing group (trifluoromethyl sulfonyl), which strengthens the C—H⋯O contacts and modifies the electron density of oxazinone. I, IV, and V present bulky/aromatic substituents (N-alkyls, aryls), inducing more pronounced shifts (slippage) in the π stacks and higher N—C torsion angles, which result in distinct packing modes. The conformation of the oxazine ring in these structures is similar to that observed in the title compound.
| Figure 7 Results of the database search with the closest structures identified. |
6. Synthesis and crystallization
A dry mixture was prepared by combining 100 mg (0.6 mmol) of 2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one (previously dried under vacuum in a desiccator) with 92.1 mg (0.66 mmol) of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in 15 ml of anhydrous DMF. To this mixture, 0.66 mmol of benzyl bromide were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature, and the reaction progress was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Once the reaction was complete, the mixture was filtered to remove inorganic salts, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was then purified using silica gel column chromatography, employing a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate as the eluent. The target compound 3 was obtained as colorless crystals with an overall yield of 90%.
7. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure details are summarized in Table 2
. C-bound hydrogen atoms were calculated geometrically at CH = 0.95 Å and CH2 = 0.99 Å and refined using a riding model with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C).
|
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 2483523
contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025007686/wm5767sup1.cif
Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025007686/wm5767Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025007686/wm5767Isup3.cdx
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989025007686/wm5767Isup4.cml
| C15H13NO2 | F(000) = 504 |
| Mr = 239.26 | Dx = 1.347 Mg m−3 |
| Monoclinic, P21/n | Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54184 Å |
| a = 9.49281 (8) Å | Cell parameters from 12385 reflections |
| b = 5.79368 (5) Å | θ = 4.1–79.3° |
| c = 21.45658 (18) Å | µ = 0.73 mm−1 |
| β = 91.3621 (8)° | T = 160 K |
| V = 1179.74 (2) Å3 | Block, colourless |
| Z = 4 | 0.30 × 0.13 × 0.11 mm |
| XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, HyPix diffractometer | 2477 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: micro-focus sealed X-ray tube, PhotonJet (Cu) X-ray Source | 2412 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
| Mirror monochromator | Rint = 0.013 |
| Detector resolution: 10.0000 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 77.3°, θmin = 4.1° |
| ω scans | h = −11→11 |
| Absorption correction: analytical (CrysAlisPro; Rigaku OD, 2024) | k = −6→7 |
| Tmin = 0.859, Tmax = 0.929 | l = −27→25 |
| 15357 measured reflections |
| Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: dual |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
| R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.034 | H-atom parameters constrained |
| wR(F2) = 0.089 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.045P)2 + 0.3423P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
| S = 1.04 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
| 2477 reflections | Δρmax = 0.17 e Å−3 |
| 163 parameters | Δρmin = −0.19 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
| x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
| O1 | −0.00508 (7) | 0.54481 (13) | 0.36181 (3) | 0.02998 (18) | |
| O2 | 0.15569 (8) | 0.13347 (15) | 0.26572 (4) | 0.0379 (2) | |
| N1 | 0.22040 (8) | 0.24375 (14) | 0.36413 (4) | 0.02528 (19) | |
| C1 | 0.05704 (10) | 0.48342 (19) | 0.30398 (4) | 0.0284 (2) | |
| H1A | 0.115402 | 0.613732 | 0.289607 | 0.034* | |
| H1B | −0.018786 | 0.457366 | 0.272281 | 0.034* | |
| C2 | 0.14752 (10) | 0.26962 (18) | 0.30884 (5) | 0.0268 (2) | |
| C3 | 0.20721 (10) | 0.40933 (17) | 0.41222 (4) | 0.0242 (2) | |
| C4 | 0.09204 (10) | 0.55889 (17) | 0.41010 (4) | 0.0251 (2) | |
| C5 | 0.06932 (11) | 0.71387 (19) | 0.45779 (5) | 0.0319 (2) | |
| H5 | −0.010120 | 0.813576 | 0.455994 | 0.038* | |
| C6 | 0.16316 (12) | 0.7230 (2) | 0.50828 (5) | 0.0357 (3) | |
| H6 | 0.147692 | 0.828356 | 0.541354 | 0.043* | |
| C7 | 0.27928 (12) | 0.5787 (2) | 0.51046 (5) | 0.0356 (3) | |
| H7 | 0.344034 | 0.586946 | 0.544835 | 0.043* | |
| C8 | 0.30189 (11) | 0.42197 (19) | 0.46287 (5) | 0.0308 (2) | |
| H8 | 0.381803 | 0.323285 | 0.464743 | 0.037* | |
| C9 | 0.30952 (10) | 0.04000 (17) | 0.37316 (5) | 0.0289 (2) | |
| H9A | 0.272671 | −0.084600 | 0.345729 | 0.035* | |
| H9B | 0.300835 | −0.012997 | 0.416763 | 0.035* | |
| C10 | 0.46435 (10) | 0.07306 (16) | 0.36029 (4) | 0.0239 (2) | |
| C11 | 0.51780 (10) | 0.26787 (17) | 0.33164 (4) | 0.0264 (2) | |
| H11 | 0.457398 | 0.393858 | 0.321551 | 0.032* | |
| C12 | 0.66043 (11) | 0.2784 (2) | 0.31765 (5) | 0.0323 (2) | |
| H12 | 0.697103 | 0.412364 | 0.298315 | 0.039* | |
| C13 | 0.74884 (11) | 0.0947 (2) | 0.33182 (5) | 0.0359 (3) | |
| H13 | 0.845560 | 0.101544 | 0.321565 | 0.043* | |
| C14 | 0.69600 (12) | −0.0988 (2) | 0.36092 (6) | 0.0370 (3) | |
| H14 | 0.756507 | −0.224714 | 0.370939 | 0.044* | |
| C15 | 0.55472 (11) | −0.10865 (18) | 0.37543 (5) | 0.0317 (2) | |
| H15 | 0.519116 | −0.240940 | 0.395942 | 0.038* |
| U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
| O1 | 0.0217 (3) | 0.0411 (4) | 0.0271 (4) | 0.0047 (3) | 0.0009 (3) | −0.0012 (3) |
| O2 | 0.0347 (4) | 0.0444 (5) | 0.0346 (4) | −0.0014 (3) | −0.0012 (3) | −0.0142 (3) |
| N1 | 0.0218 (4) | 0.0267 (4) | 0.0274 (4) | 0.0008 (3) | 0.0003 (3) | −0.0016 (3) |
| C1 | 0.0239 (5) | 0.0378 (6) | 0.0236 (5) | 0.0006 (4) | −0.0001 (3) | 0.0005 (4) |
| C2 | 0.0206 (4) | 0.0331 (5) | 0.0269 (5) | −0.0043 (4) | 0.0019 (3) | −0.0028 (4) |
| C3 | 0.0231 (4) | 0.0266 (5) | 0.0232 (4) | −0.0032 (4) | 0.0031 (3) | 0.0015 (4) |
| C4 | 0.0226 (4) | 0.0286 (5) | 0.0242 (5) | −0.0026 (4) | 0.0031 (3) | 0.0025 (4) |
| C5 | 0.0322 (5) | 0.0316 (5) | 0.0324 (5) | 0.0007 (4) | 0.0081 (4) | −0.0013 (4) |
| C6 | 0.0433 (6) | 0.0366 (6) | 0.0276 (5) | −0.0062 (5) | 0.0075 (4) | −0.0061 (4) |
| C7 | 0.0365 (5) | 0.0453 (6) | 0.0249 (5) | −0.0078 (5) | −0.0019 (4) | −0.0005 (4) |
| C8 | 0.0269 (5) | 0.0377 (6) | 0.0276 (5) | −0.0009 (4) | −0.0013 (4) | 0.0020 (4) |
| C9 | 0.0266 (5) | 0.0234 (5) | 0.0366 (5) | −0.0011 (4) | 0.0024 (4) | 0.0018 (4) |
| C10 | 0.0247 (5) | 0.0236 (4) | 0.0235 (4) | −0.0007 (4) | −0.0009 (3) | −0.0025 (3) |
| C11 | 0.0287 (5) | 0.0256 (5) | 0.0248 (4) | −0.0015 (4) | −0.0014 (4) | −0.0005 (4) |
| C12 | 0.0330 (5) | 0.0356 (6) | 0.0283 (5) | −0.0093 (4) | 0.0034 (4) | −0.0024 (4) |
| C13 | 0.0239 (5) | 0.0450 (6) | 0.0389 (6) | −0.0031 (4) | 0.0028 (4) | −0.0126 (5) |
| C14 | 0.0290 (5) | 0.0333 (6) | 0.0483 (6) | 0.0067 (4) | −0.0043 (4) | −0.0074 (5) |
| C15 | 0.0314 (5) | 0.0244 (5) | 0.0391 (6) | 0.0012 (4) | −0.0011 (4) | 0.0008 (4) |
| O1—C1 | 1.4313 (12) | C7—C8 | 1.3869 (16) |
| O1—C4 | 1.3729 (12) | C8—H8 | 0.9500 |
| O2—C2 | 1.2197 (13) | C9—H9A | 0.9900 |
| N1—C2 | 1.3671 (13) | C9—H9B | 0.9900 |
| N1—C3 | 1.4167 (12) | C9—C10 | 1.5140 (13) |
| N1—C9 | 1.4626 (12) | C10—C11 | 1.3871 (14) |
| C1—H1A | 0.9900 | C10—C15 | 1.3916 (14) |
| C1—H1B | 0.9900 | C11—H11 | 0.9500 |
| C1—C2 | 1.5096 (14) | C11—C12 | 1.3951 (14) |
| C3—C4 | 1.3949 (14) | C12—H12 | 0.9500 |
| C3—C8 | 1.3957 (14) | C12—C13 | 1.3847 (16) |
| C4—C5 | 1.3822 (14) | C13—H13 | 0.9500 |
| C5—H5 | 0.9500 | C13—C14 | 1.3831 (17) |
| C5—C6 | 1.3872 (16) | C14—H14 | 0.9500 |
| C6—H6 | 0.9500 | C14—C15 | 1.3852 (15) |
| C6—C7 | 1.3836 (17) | C15—H15 | 0.9500 |
| C7—H7 | 0.9500 | ||
| C4—O1—C1 | 112.70 (7) | C3—C8—H8 | 120.0 |
| C2—N1—C3 | 120.41 (8) | C7—C8—C3 | 119.97 (10) |
| C2—N1—C9 | 118.86 (8) | C7—C8—H8 | 120.0 |
| C3—N1—C9 | 120.72 (8) | N1—C9—H9A | 108.3 |
| O1—C1—H1A | 109.0 | N1—C9—H9B | 108.3 |
| O1—C1—H1B | 109.0 | N1—C9—C10 | 115.77 (8) |
| O1—C1—C2 | 112.92 (8) | H9A—C9—H9B | 107.4 |
| H1A—C1—H1B | 107.8 | C10—C9—H9A | 108.3 |
| C2—C1—H1A | 109.0 | C10—C9—H9B | 108.3 |
| C2—C1—H1B | 109.0 | C11—C10—C9 | 123.41 (9) |
| O2—C2—N1 | 123.18 (10) | C11—C10—C15 | 119.28 (9) |
| O2—C2—C1 | 121.64 (9) | C15—C10—C9 | 117.22 (9) |
| N1—C2—C1 | 115.17 (8) | C10—C11—H11 | 120.1 |
| C4—C3—N1 | 118.66 (9) | C10—C11—C12 | 119.87 (9) |
| C4—C3—C8 | 118.86 (9) | C12—C11—H11 | 120.1 |
| C8—C3—N1 | 122.43 (9) | C11—C12—H12 | 119.8 |
| O1—C4—C3 | 119.97 (9) | C13—C12—C11 | 120.36 (10) |
| O1—C4—C5 | 118.92 (9) | C13—C12—H12 | 119.8 |
| C5—C4—C3 | 121.02 (9) | C12—C13—H13 | 120.1 |
| C4—C5—H5 | 120.2 | C14—C13—C12 | 119.84 (10) |
| C4—C5—C6 | 119.63 (10) | C14—C13—H13 | 120.1 |
| C6—C5—H5 | 120.2 | C13—C14—H14 | 120.1 |
| C5—C6—H6 | 120.0 | C13—C14—C15 | 119.89 (10) |
| C7—C6—C5 | 119.97 (10) | C15—C14—H14 | 120.1 |
| C7—C6—H6 | 120.0 | C10—C15—H15 | 119.6 |
| C6—C7—H7 | 119.7 | C14—C15—C10 | 120.74 (10) |
| C6—C7—C8 | 120.52 (10) | C14—C15—H15 | 119.6 |
| C8—C7—H7 | 119.7 | ||
| O1—C1—C2—O2 | 145.86 (9) | C4—C3—C8—C7 | 1.08 (15) |
| O1—C1—C2—N1 | −35.32 (12) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | 0.48 (16) |
| O1—C4—C5—C6 | 177.15 (9) | C5—C6—C7—C8 | −0.89 (17) |
| N1—C3—C4—O1 | −0.48 (13) | C6—C7—C8—C3 | 0.10 (16) |
| N1—C3—C4—C5 | 175.91 (9) | C8—C3—C4—O1 | −177.89 (8) |
| N1—C3—C8—C7 | −176.23 (9) | C8—C3—C4—C5 | −1.50 (14) |
| N1—C9—C10—C11 | −10.84 (14) | C9—N1—C2—O2 | −1.88 (14) |
| N1—C9—C10—C15 | 172.60 (9) | C9—N1—C2—C1 | 179.31 (8) |
| C1—O1—C4—C3 | −34.64 (12) | C9—N1—C3—C4 | −160.52 (9) |
| C1—O1—C4—C5 | 148.89 (9) | C9—N1—C3—C8 | 16.79 (13) |
| C2—N1—C3—C4 | 18.13 (13) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | −175.70 (9) |
| C2—N1—C3—C8 | −164.55 (9) | C9—C10—C15—C14 | 175.23 (10) |
| C2—N1—C9—C10 | 96.66 (11) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | 0.47 (15) |
| C3—N1—C2—O2 | 179.44 (9) | C11—C10—C15—C14 | −1.48 (15) |
| C3—N1—C2—C1 | 0.63 (13) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −1.08 (16) |
| C3—N1—C9—C10 | −84.67 (11) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | 0.41 (16) |
| C3—C4—C5—C6 | 0.72 (15) | C13—C14—C15—C10 | 0.88 (17) |
| C4—O1—C1—C2 | 51.88 (11) | C15—C10—C11—C12 | 0.80 (14) |
| Cg3 is the centroid of the C10–C15 ring. |
| D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
| C1—H1A···O2i | 0.99 | 2.50 | 3.2592 (12) | 133 |
| C11—H11···O2i | 0.95 | 2.56 | 3.3765 (13) | 146 |
| C1—H1B···Cg3i | 0.99 | 2.78 | 3.5952 (10) | 143 |
| Symmetry code: (i) −x+1/2, y+1/2, −z+1/2. |
Acknowledgements
TH is grateful to Hacettepe University Scientific Research Project Unit (grant No. 013 D04 602 004).
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