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Figure 16
Combined XRD and XES structural studies on photosystem II. (A) The overall structure of the protein and the four-step catalytic cycle (Kok cycle), revealed by flashes 1F–4F. For each of the stable states S0, S1, S2 and S3, the XRD structures of the catalytic Mn4Ca clusters (O in red, Mn in pruple and Ca in green) obtained from X-ray free-electron laser measurements are also shown. (B) Results from time-resolved XES and XRD measurements, together with kinetic simulations based on previous infrared (IR) or XAS measurements. Adapted from Ibrahim et al. (2020BB61) under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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