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Figure 6
Noise robustness validation for (a) CeO2 and (b) PbSO4 with 10% added noise. The left and middle panels display conventional and CNN ML refinements, respectively. Each plot displays observed data (red circles), calculated patterns (black lines), difference curves (lower blue traces) and Bragg positions (magenta markers). The close agreement between CNN and conventional refinement Rwp values demonstrates robust performance under noisy conditions. The right panels show the refined crystal structure from the ML method.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
APPLIED
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
ISSN: 1600-5767
Volume 59| Part 2| April 2026| Pages 564-577
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576726001494
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