Pressure-induced coherent sliding-layer transition in the excitonic insulator Ta2NiSe5

Nakano, A.; Sugawara, K.; Tamura, S.; Katayama, N.; Matsubayashi, K.; Okada, T.; Uwatoko, Y.; Munakata, K.; Nakao, A.; Sagayama, H.; Kumai, R.; Sugimoto, K.; Maejima, N.; Machida, A.; Watanuki, T.; Sawa, H.

doi:10.1107/S2052252517018334

research papers

IUCrJ

Volume 5| Part 2| March 2018| Pages 158-165

ISSN: 2052-2525

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334

MATERIALS | COMPUTATION

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Pressure-induced coherent sliding-layer transition in the excitonic insulator Ta₂NiSe₅

^aDepartment of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan, ^bUniversity of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan, ^cInstitute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, ^dComprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan, ^ePhoton Factory, IMSS, KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, ^fJapan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan, and ^gSynchrotron Radiation Research Center (SRRC), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
^*Correspondence e-mail: z47827a@cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Edited by A. Fitch, ESRF, France (Received 8 September 2017; accepted 22 December 2017; online 26 January 2018)

The crystal structure of the excitonic insulator Ta₂NiSe₅ has been investigated under a range of pressures, as determined by the complementary analysis of both single-crystal and powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The monoclinic ambient-pressure excitonic insulator phase II transforms upon warming or under a modest pressure to give the semiconducting C-centred orthorhombic phase I. At higher pressures (i.e. >3 GPa), transformation to the primitive orthorhombic semimetal phase III occurs. This transformation from phase I to phase III is a pressure-induced first-order phase transition, which takes place through coherent sliding between weakly coupled layers. This structural phase transition is significantly influenced by Coulombic interactions in the geometric arrangement between interlayer Se ions. Furthermore, upon cooling, phase III transforms into the monoclinic phase IV, which is analogous to the excitonic insulator phase II. Finally, the excitonic interactions appear to be retained despite the observed layer sliding transition.

Keywords: inorganic materials; high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction; excitonic insulators.

CCDC references: 1815855; 1815856; 1815857; 1815858

1. Introduction

In narrow-bandgap semiconductors and small band-overlap semimetals, bound electron–hole pairs spontaneously condense to drive the electronic state of the material towards a novel ground state, which is referred to as the excitonic insulator state (EI) (Mott, 1961 ; Halperin & Rice, 1968 ; Kohn, 1967 ; Jérome et al., 1967 ; Bronold & Fehske, 2006 ). Although the idea of the EI was theoretically proposed in the 1960's, few details regarding the physical properties of the EI phase have been determined due to the experimental identification of only a few materials that possess EI character (Bucher et al., 1991 ; Wachter, 2001 , 1995 ; Wilson, 1977 ; Cercellier et al., 2007 ).

In recent years, however, the transition metal chalcogenide Ta₂NiSe₅ has attracted increasing attention in the context of EI behaviour. Previous reports have shown that Ta₂NiSe₅ crystallizes in a layered structure, where the stacks are bound through weak van der Waals interactions at ambient pressure and temperature (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985 ). In each of these layers, TaSe₆ octahedral double chains parallel to the a axis interconnect with NiSe₄ tetrahedral single chains along the a axis. Derived from this one-dimensional chain structure, the bottom of the conduction bands and the top of the valence bands consist mainly of Ta 5d and hybrid Se 4p–Ni 3d orbitals, respectively, which results in the formation of a one-dimensional electronic structure with a small band gap at the Γ point of the Brillouin zone (Canadell & Whangbo, 1987 ; Kaneko et al., 2013 ). It has also been reported that Ta₂NiSe₅ exhibits a semiconductor-to-insulator transition at T_s = 328 K, which is accompanied by an orthorhombic-to-monoclinic second-order structural phase transition (Di Salvo et al., 1986 ). However, the microscopic driving forces behind this semiconductor-to-insulator transition were not clear from the reported results, and so an additional study focusing on angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy was required to reveal anomalous flattening of the Ta₂NiSe₅ valence bands below T_s, which confirmed the presence of the EI ground state (Wakisaka et al., 2009 ). Recently, the presence of this EI phase within Ta₂NiSe₅ has been confirmed by employing alternative experimental methods, such as bandgap tuning by elemental substitution (Lu et al., 2017 ) and exciton Fano resonance (Larkin et al., 2017 ). It is noteworthy that Ta₂NiS₅ (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985), the isostructural compound of Ta₂NiSe₅, does not exhibit excitonic properties, thus Ta₂NiSe₅ is now seen as a potential platform for further study of the physical properties associated with EI behaviour.

As the formation of excitons is strongly influenced by the carrier density, the electronic state can be investigated by controlling the electronic density state. One such method is the use of physical pressure to change the band-gap width. In this context, our preliminary high-pressure electrical resistivity measurements of Ta₂NiSe₅ produced a comprehensive pressure–temperature phase diagram that included the phase transitions and boundaries of the I–IV phases, in addition to a further high-pressure superconducting phase (Fig. 1a; Matsubayshi et al., 2018 ). This phase diagram also indicated that the phase transition to an EI state (phase II) at T_s was suppressed upon increasing the pressure. Furthermore, upon pressurization at room temperature (∼300 K), the semiconducting electrical resistivity of phase I undergoes phase transition to semimetal phase III at ∼3 GPa. Upon decreasing the temperature, an anomalous shoulder appears in the electrical resistivity at T* and a transition from phase III to phase IV is observed, while upon increasing the pressure, T^* is suppressed to zero at ∼8 GPa and a superconducting phase emerges with a T_sc of ∼1.2 K. However, the microscopic origin of the phase transition at 3 GPa and the validity of the EI scenario even in the high-pressure phase remain unclear.

Figure 1
(a) Pressure–temperature phase diagram for Ta₂NiSe₅. A photographic image of the single crystal used for the high-pressure measurements is shown in the inset. Empty circles and triangles represent XRD measurement points using single-crystal and powder data, respectively. (b)–(e) Single-crystal XRD patterns at (b) 2.16 GPa, 300 K, (c) 0 GPa, 300 K, (d) 4.22 GPa, 300 K and (e) 4.22 GPa, 50 K. In each diffraction pattern, the peaks arranged along c* are derived from Ta₂NiSe₅, and the diffraction spots highlighted in red arise from single crystals of the diamond present in the DAC. (f) Schematic illustration of a monoclinic twin relationship between domains 1 and 2.

To better understand the physical properties of Ta₂NiSe₅ under pressure, investigation of its exact crystal structure is of particular importance. As interlayer bonding is generally significantly weaker than intralayer bonding in layered compounds, such as Ta₂NiSe₅, a large and anisotropic change in the crystal structure is expected upon the application of pressure.

Thus, we report herein our determination of the precise crystallographic parameters of Ta₂NiSe₅ in the phase I, III and IV regions via complementary analysis of both single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns in high-pressure systems. In addition, we describe an anomalous structural phase transition which is associated with coherent sliding layers that originate from shifts in the interlayer Se ion arrangements. These results are expected to provide fundamental information regarding the electronic state of Ta₂NiSe₅ under high pressure.

2. Experimental

The single-crystal of Ta₂NiSe₅ employed herein was synthesized via a chemical vapour transport method using I₂ as the transport agent (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985). High-pressure single-crystal XRD measurements were performed on the BL22XU beamline at the SPring-8 facility (Watanuki et al., 2007 ), Japan, using a wavelength λ = 0.4130 Å. Experiments were conducted using the same crystal while varying the temperature and pressure. The single crystal of Ta₂NiSe₅ (60 × 30 µm, 10 µm thickness, see inset of Fig. 1a) was loaded into a hole (180 µm diameter) in an SUS gasket with helium as the pressure medium to give the ac plane perpendicular to the incident X-ray beam. The diamond anvil cell (DAC) was mounted in a closed-cycle helium refrigerator and the pressure was determined by the ruby luminescence method (Noack & Holzapfel, 1979 ; Nakano et al., 2000 ). The sample pressure was regulated by a helium gas compression system. An imaging plate was used to obtain two-dimensional diffraction patterns via oscillation photography methods, and the resulting data were subsequently processed using software developed in-house (Sugawara et al., 2018 ). Single-crystal XRD data were analysed using the SHELXL97 least-squares program (Sheldrick, 2015 ). Single-crystal XRD experiments were also performed on the BL-8B beamline at the Photon Factory (PF), KEK (High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Japan, using a different single crystal from that employed on the BL22XU beamline at the SPring-8 facility. As crystallographic information regarding the orthorhombic phase (phase I) has not yet been reported, single-crystal XRD measurements were also carried out using the BL02B1 beamline at the SPring-8 facility (Sugimoto et al., 2010 ) at ambient pressure and 400 K.

High-pressure powder XRD measurements were performed on the AR-NE1A beamline at the Photon Factory Advanced Ring (PF-AR), KEK, Japan, using a wavelength λ = 0.4179 Å. The powdered crystal was then prepared by grinding the single crystal, after which the powder was loaded into a hole (240 µm diameter) in an Re gasket. A 4:1 mixture of methanol–ethanol was used as the pressure medium and the pressure was determined using the ruby scale both before and after the diffraction measurements. Based on the results obtained for the single-crystal XRD analysis, Rietveld refinements (GSAS package; Larson & von Dreele, 1994 ) were carried out on the powder diffraction results under a range of pressures ≤9.17 GPa at room temperature. High-pressure and low-temperature powder XRD measurements were also performed on the BL02B1 beamline at the SPring-8 facility using a wavelength λ = 0.3101 Å. The powdered crystal was loaded into a hole (250 µm diameter) in an SUS gasket. A 4:1 mixture of methanol–ethanol was used as the pressure medium and an NaCl single crystal was also loaded as a pressure marker. The DAC was mounted in a closed-cycle helium refrigerator and the sample pressure was regulated by a helium gas compression system.

3. Results and discussion

Following XRD measurements of the pressurized Ta₂NiSe₅ single-crystal sample at room temperature, three distinct phases (I, II and III) were identified and found to exhibit distinct crystal structures. Indexing of the XRD pattern recorded at 0 GPa and room temperature (Fig. 1c, phase II) was carried out by assuming a single-crystal orientation, and thus monoclinic crystal symmetry was determined based on previous literature (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985). However, approximately half of the observed Bragg peaks could not be indexed, as they conflicted with the single-crystal approach, and so were attributed to the division of the crystal into several different domains as a result of structural phase transitioning (T_s), as also observed in a previous report by Di Salvo et al. (1986). Considering these divided domains, it was then assumed that a different domain shared the ab plane along the single crystal (Fig. 1f), and so a full index of the Bragg peaks could be completed. Note that the quasi-one-dimensional structure is preserved even in the presence of these domains. In this case, the crystal system and lattice parameters obtained showed a C-centred monoclinic system, with parameters a = 3.478 (1) Å, b = 12.800 (1) Å, c = 15.572 (1) Å and β = 90.52 (1)°.

Upon compression of the sample at 2.16 GPa, the number of Bragg peaks decreased by half, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). This indicates that the two domains in phase II exhibiting monoclinic lattice symmetry have transitioned into a single domain with orthorhombic lattice symmetry, which is consistent with the phase diagram predicted by the electrical resistivity measurements. It therefore appeared that the T_s shifted below room temperature at an applied pressure of 2.16 GPa. The observed XRD pattern was then indexed relative to a C-centred orthorhombic system to give the following crystal structure parameters: a = 3.437 (1) Å, b = 12.559 (1) Å and c = 15.443 (1) Å. Upon examination of the crystal structure at this pressure, it was apparent that the structure was identical to that obtained at ambient pressure and high temperature (400 K, T > T_s) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The crystallographic data are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Crystallographic data for Ta₂NiSe₅ at P = 0, 2.16 and 4.22 GPa including atomic coordinates

Pressure (GPa)	0	2.16	4.22	4.22
Temperature (K)	400	300	200	50
Phase	I	I	III	IV
Wavelength (Å)	0.2786	0.4130	0.4130	0.4130
Space group	Cmcm	Cmcm	Pmnm	P2/n
a (Å)	3.5029 (1)	3.437 (1)	3.437 (1)	3.437 (1)
b (Å)	12.8699 (5)	12.559 (1)	5.861 (1)	5.849 (11)
c (Å)	15.6768 (8)	15.443 (1)	15.512 (1)	15.512 (1)
β (°)	90	90	90	90.53 (1)
V (Å³)	706.74 (5)	656.96 (9)	312.5 (1)	311.8 (6)
Z	4	4	2	2
ρ_calc (g cm⁻³)	7.663	8.224	8.685	8.685
F(000)	1376	1376	688	688
(sinθ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	1.25	0.77	0.77	0.77
N_Tot,obs	32115	467	378	456
N_Uniq,obs	3100	169	156	189
N_Parameters	27	14	14	18
GOF	1.144	0.998	1.137	1.041
R_int	3.73	3.10	4.75	6.94
R₁, R₁ [F_o > 4σ(F_o)]	1.97, 2.38	4.33, 3.52	4.05, 3.45	4.75, 5.44
wR₂	5.30	9.01	8.08	11.07
Δρ_max, Δρ_min	3.739, −2.617	2.033, −2.776	2.304, −2.305	1.91, −2.00

	Wyckoff position	Position [x, y, z]	B_eq (Å²)
Ta₂NiSe₅ (400 K and 0 GPa)
Ta	8f	[0.5, 0.221158 (6), 0.110222 (4)]	0.92 (1)
Ni	4c	[1, 0.20096 (3), 0.25]	1.05 (1)
Se(1)	8f	[0.5, 0.32679 (2), 0.25]	0.97 (1)
Se(2)	8f	[0, 0.354170 (15), 0.049338 (11)]	0.87 (1)
Se(3)	4c	[1, 0.080461 (15), 0.137726 (13)]	1.01 (1)
Ta₂NiSe₅ (300 K and 2.16 GPa)
Ta	8f	[0.5, 0.22193 (28), 0.10988 (4)]	0.56 (2)
Ni	4c	[1, 0.20113 (127), 0.25]	0.61 (6)
Se(1)	8f	[0.5, 0.33106 (103), 0.25]	0.60 (5)
Se (2)	8f	[0, 0.35873 (76), 0.04875 (11)]	0.52 (3)
Se(3)	4c	[1, 0.07625 (79), 0.13832 (11)]	0.71 (4)
Ta₂NiSe₅ (200 K and 4.22 GPa)
Ta	4e	[0.25, 0.4822 (6), 0.11304 (5)]	0.45 (2)
Ni	2b	[0.75, 0.471 (3), 0.25]	0.36 (6)
Se(1)	4e	[0.25, 0.2550 (17), 0.47 (3)]	0.47 (3)
Se(2)	4e	[0.75, 0.1770 (16), 0.14863 (12)]	0.52 (4)
Se(3)	2a	[0.75, 0.262 (2), 0.75]	0.51 (4)
Ta²NiSe⁵ (50 K and 4.22 GPa)
Ta	4g	[0.7558 (5), 0.5182 (6), 0.8868 (1)]	0.27(4)
Ni	2f	[0.25, 0.5325 (28), 0.75]	0.22 (9)
Se(1)	4g	[0.2442 (15), 0.2566 (22), 0.9633(1)]	0.32 (5)
Se(2)	4g	[0.2465 (17), 0.8181 (21), 0.8515(1)]	0.36 (5)
Se(3)	2f	[0.75, 0.2594 (34), 0.75]	0.35 (6)

In contrast, the observed phase III had a distinctive crystal structure when compared with phases I and II. Following indexing of the XRD pattern of phase III at 4.27 GPa, a primitive orthorhombic lattice was obtained with parameters a = 3.437 (1) Å, b = 5.861 (1) Å and c = 15.512 (1) Å. It should be noted that the primitive lattice was observed only in the phase III measurements and contrasts with the C-centred lattice observed in phases I and II. More specifically, the length of the b axis is less than half that observed for phases I and II. In addition, the crystal structure in phase III has an n-glide plane perpendicular to the b axis since the generation rule (h0l: h + l = 2n) exists. Furthermore, following decompression to ≤2 GPa at room temperature, the crystal system and lattice parameters were restored to the values observed for phase II, thereby indicating that the pressure-induced structural phase transition is reversible.

Fig. 2 shows the pressure dependency of (a) the cell volume and (b) the normalized lattice parameters obtained at room temperature via Rietveld refinement of the powder XRD data. In this case, for comparison with phases I and II, both the b axis length and the cell volume for phase III were represented as double the observed values. The pressure dependence of this reduction in cell volume exhibited a discontinuity at 3 GPa. As phases II and III coexist in this portion of the plot (see Fig. 2), it is apparent that a first-order pressure-induced structural phase transition was observed at room temperature and 3 GPa. Furthermore, the proposed phase boundary produced a small gradient (dP/dT) relative to the first-order transition, while the cell volume decreased discontinuously. Thus, considering the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, dP/dT = ΔS/ΔV, the change in entropy within the system appears small in the context of the first-order transition. Moreover, in phases I and II, the lengths of the a and c axes were gradually reduced by the applied compression, whereas the length of the b axis decreased rapidly. Thus, comparison of phase III with phase I at 3 GPa indicates that the lengths of the a and c axes in phase III are only slightly longer (∼1%) than those of phase I. In contrast, the length of the b axis decreased by 6% during the transition from phase I to phase III, as will be discussed later in further detail.

Figure 2
Pressure dependence of (a) the cell volume at room temperature and (b) the lattice parameters, normalized using the corresponding ambient lattice parameters (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985

). Note that the b axis and cell volume are multiplied by 2 in the high-pressure phase region. Low- and high-pressure structures coexist within the shaded area at ∼3 GPa. The solid lines shown in panels (a) and (b) represent data fitting with respect to the equation of state and a guide for the eye, respectively.

The solid lines shown in Fig. 2(a) were then plotted following data fitting with a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (Birch, 1947 ):

$[\eqalignno{P \, ({\rm GPa}) = & \, {3 \over 2} {K_0} \left [ \left ( {{V_0} \over V} \right )^{7 \over 3} - \left ( {{V_0} \over V} \right)^{5 \over 3} \right ] \cr & \, \times \left \{ 1 - \left ( 3 - {3 \over 4} K_0^{\prime} \right ) \left [ \left ( {{V_0} \over V} \right )^{7 \over 3} - 1 \right ] \right \} , &(1)}]$

where V₀ and V represent the unit-cell volume at ambient pressure and under applied pressure, respectively, and K₀ and $[K_0^{\prime}]$ refer to the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative, respectively. Note that a pressure of 3.42 GPa was regarded as an ambient pressure point for fitting of the high-pressure region. From these calculations, the bulk modulus values (K₀ and its pressure derivative $[K_0^{\prime}]$ ) were determined to be 44 ± 3 and 48 ±5 GPa (K₀), and 3.2 ± 0.6 and 6.7 ± 1.2 GPa ( $[K_0^{\prime}]$ ), respectively, at room temperature both before and after the first-order structural transition. The value of $[K_0^{\prime}]$ , which was twice as large for phase III as for phase I, reflected the hardening effect of the bonding feature for the new crystal structure generated in phase III.

Table 1 shows the results of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis performed at 0, 2.16 and 4.22 GPa. It should be noted that, due to the limited aperture angle of the DAC, only 20% of the unique reflections were available for this analysis. Powder XRD was then carried out at ≤9.17 GPa at room temperature to obtain any unobserved reflections from the single-crystal XRD data. Upon conducting these measurements, a strong preferred orientation was observed due to the layered compound being placed in a uniaxial pressurized state within the DAC. To resolve this, Rietveld analysis served as a corrective technique to overcome the preferred orientation effect via spherical harmonic function calculations. The crystallographic parameters obtained from these powder analyses were consistent with the results of the previously shown single-crystal sample (Table 1). Further details and the corresponding powder XRD results are shown in Fig. S1 and Table S1 in the supporting information. The result of the band calculations will be reported elsewhere (Matsubayashi et al., 2018).

Fig. 3 shows a comparison of the crystal structures of the phases observed at pressures less than and greater than 3 GPa, where it is apparent that the TaSe₆ octahedral double chain and the NiSe₄ tetrahedral single chains exist in a layered conformation in both cases (see Fig. 3a). The most striking difference between these two crystal structures can be seen in their stacking patterns. More specifically, below 3 GPa two layers are present within the unit cell as a result of the a/2 lateral shift between neighbouring Ta₂NiSe₅ layers along their b axes to form the C-centred lattice (Fig. 3c). However, above 3 GPa only a single layer is present within the unit cell, since the lateral shifting is eliminated to form the primitive lattice structure of the Ta₂NiSe₅ layers (Fig. 3e). This suggests that layer sliding occurs as a result of the structural phase transition.

Figure 3
(a) The in-plane crystal structure viewed from the b axis (common to phases below and above 3 GPa). (b) and (c) The crystal structure of the phases below 3 GPa viewed from (b) the a axis and (c) the c axis. (d) and (e) The crystal structure obtained above 3 GPa viewed from (d) the a axis and (e) the c axis. The dotted blue lines indicate the unit cell for each structure at the given pressure, while α and d indicate the Se—Ni—Se bond angle and the layer thickness, respectively. The dashed green lines represent the Se(2)–Se(3) distance (see also Fig. 5

a).

A possible concern arises in that the Ta₂NiSe₅ crystals could be broken or irreparably deformed during these drastic structural phase transitions. However, our results indicate that the crystal retained a nearly perfect periodicity throughout, as confirmed by the sharp diffraction spots shown in Fig. 1(e) and through a lack of observable diffusive scattering. We therefore propose that this layer sliding transition takes place both coherently and without any excessive generation of disorder in the crystal structure.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of the arrangement of Se ions present in Ta₂NiSe₅, where it is indicated that the upper and lower Se ions in the two stacking layers face one another at pressures less than and greater than 3 GPa. As shown in site 1 of Fig. 4(b), the lower three Se ions adopt a triangular arrangement, with an upper Se ion present at the centre of gravity. This site is regarded as a `hollow' site and is considered a stable arrangement. In the case of site 2, as viewed from the b axis direction, an upper Se ion is located between two lower Se ions. From a three-dimensional viewpoint, the Se ion in the upper layer is located at a saddle point and is unstable under applied pressure.

Figure 4
(a) and (b) Schematic representations of the arrangement of interlayer selenium atoms <3 GPa, viewed from the a and b axes, respectively. (c) and (d) As for panels (a) and (b) but at pressures >3 GPa. In panels (a) and (c) Se(1)–Se(3) represent three different crystallographic sites. Empty and filled circles indicate the upper- and lower-layer Se ions, respectively. Solid lines represent the size and shape of the unit cell. Sites 1 and 2 represent stable and unstable phase II sites, respectively, while sites 1′ and 2′ represent stable phase III sites under high pressure following phase transition.

Similarly, at site 1′ in phase III (see Fig. 4d) a stable arrangement comparable with that of site 1 is observed. In this case, it is apparent that at site 2′ the four lower Se ions are in centroid positions and adopt a rectangular arrangement. This produces a stable conformation as a result of the ongoing pressure-induced structural phase transition, and so all Se ions are in a stable arrangement when Ta₂NiSe₅ adopts the phase III structure.

The change in this arrangement can be accounted for by the movement of all upper-layer Se ions along the a axis by a distance of a/2 relative to the lower layer Se ions. This is achieved by a lateral shift between neighbouring Ta₂NiSe₅ layers along the a axis by a/2, and is a direct representation of the layer sliding observed for Ta₂NiSe₅, which permits the transition between a C-centred lattice and a primitive lattice.

Based on these results, the isostructural compounds of Ta₂NiSe₅ may also exhibit such a layer sliding transition. For example, in the structure of Ta₂NiS₅, the Se ions of Ta₂NiSe₅ are fully replaced with S ions (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985) and so are also expected to exhibit a layer sliding transition. However, since the ionic radii of Se²⁻ and S²⁻ differ from one another, the critical pressure for each species is also likely to be different.

Although the origin of the structural phase transition is identified as coherent layer sliding, the change in the crystal structure seems to be more complex. As shown in Fig. 5(a), the pressure dependence of the Se–Se distance between the layers varies greatly between Se(1)–Se(3) and Se(2)–Se(3) (see Fig. 3d). More specifically, the Se(1)–Se(3) distance varies gradually at the transition pressure. However, the Se(2)–Se(3) distance exhibits a discontinuous jump at the transition pressure, and the short distance between Se(2) and Se(3) is represented by the green dashed line in Fig. 3(d). As the Se²⁻ species has an ionic radius of ∼2.0 Å, the short Se(2)–Se(3) distance of ∼3.0 Å indicates the presence of Se orbital hybridization between the layers. This is expected to increase significantly the dimensionality of the electronic states of Ta₂NiSe₅

Figure 5
(a) Pressure dependence of the interlayer Se(1)–Se(3) (blue) and Se(2)–Se(3) (red) distances as determined by both single-crystal (empty circles) and powder (filled circles) XRD measurements. Se(1)–Se(3) represent three different crystallographic sites (as represented in Figs. 3

d, 4

a and 4

c). (b) Pressure dependence of the cluster volume of a Ta–Se octahedron (violet) and an Ni–Se tetrahedron (green). In each case, the empty and filled symbols represent the results of the single-crystal and powder XRD measurements, respectively. The blue, red, violet and green solid lines are guides for the eye. The experimental data points from a previous report at 0 GPa (Sunshine & Ibers, 1985

) are plotted for comparison (diamonds).

In the case of a short Se(2)–Se(3) distance, a strong Coulombic repulsion is expected between Se(2) and Se(3). Thus, to reduce such repulsion, the bending of the layers, in which NiSe₄ tetrahedral single chains are joined between two planar TaSe₆ octahedral double chains, is significantly suppressed following the phase III transition, as shown in Fig. 3(d). This corresponds to a decrease in the layer thickness d (Figs. 3b and 3d) to ∼3.8 Å in phase III, which represents a decrease from 4.3 Å in phase I. This decrease in thickness can reach up to 12%, and can therefore shrink the b axis discontinuously at 3 GPa.

Furthermore, suppression of the layer thickness varies the bonding angle α of the Se(3)–Ni–Se(3) units (Figs. 3b and 3d), with a decrease to 85° being observed in phase III from a value of 96° in phase I. As a result, the Ni–Se tetrahedron is greatly distorted and its volume decreases discontinuously at 3 GPa (Fig. 5b). Although this distortion increases the elastic energy of the lattice, it is assumed that the system obtains an energy gain by resolving the geometric instability of Se at the saddle point. In other words, the competition between the energy gain from resolving the geometric instability of the Se ions and the energy loss from distortions of the Ni–Se tetrahedra likely accounts for the reversibility of the pressure-induced structural phase transition.

It is therefore expected that the increased dimensionality of the crystal structure and the greatly distorted Ni–Se tetrahedron changes the electronic state of Ta₂NiSe₅ under high pressure, and so the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity changes from semiconductor to semimetal character at 3 GPa. On the other hand, the Bragg peaks observed at 4.22 GPa and 50 K exhibit splitting that analogizes the phase transition to the excitonic insulator phase at T_s (Fig. 1e).

Assuming that two domains with monoclinic symmetry shared the ab plane, as in the case of phase II, a full index of the Bragg peaks could be completed and it was found that the monoclinic structure was present in phase IV. The temperature dependence of the monoclinic angle β is shown in Fig. 6, where it appears that the critical temperature of the structural phase transition corresponds to the T* value of the anomalous shoulder of the electrical resistivity. In addition, the saturation angle of β is 90.53 (6)°, which is comparable with that of a previous report at ambient pressure and temperature (Di Salvo et al., 1986). Furthermore, as the extinction rule of the n-glide plane perpendicular to the b axis remained in phase IV, the space group was determined to be P2/n. The determined crystallographic parameters are shown in Table 1. As in phase III, the crystallographic parameters obtained by single-crystal XRD measurements were also examined by Rietveld analysis using powder XRD data measured on beamline BL02B1 at Spring-8. The anomaly at T* in the electrical resistivity tends to be smeared out with increasing pressure and is no longer detectable at 8 GPa. However, the structural transition takes place even at 8.0 GPa, below the temperature expected from an extrapolation of T* obtained from the electrical resistivity. The saturation angle of β was suppressed to 90.26 (6)°.

Figure 6
Temperature dependence of the monoclinic angle β at 4.22 and 8.00 GPa. The blue and red dashed lines are guides for the eye.

One plausible scenario to account for this structural phase transition at T* is that the excitonic phase transition exists even under high pressures. It is noteworthy that Se(1), whose 4p orbital forms a hybrid one-dimensional chain structure with the Ni 3d orbital (Kaneko et al., 2012 ), is not significantly affected by the layer sliding transition when compared with Se(2) and Se(3). In addition, the pressure dependence of the Ta–Se octahedral cluster varies by only 4% even at 9 GPa, and the electronic state of Ta appears constant despite the compression. Therefore, the electronic structure composed of two Ta 5d one-dimensional chains and an Ni 3d–Se(1) 4p chain possibly remains within the structure, resulting in an excitonic phase transition even after the layer sliding transition has taken place.

Finally, we note that it is difficult to obtain an accurate band structure without the electron correlation effect in phases I and III (Matsubayashi et al., 2018). Future studies are therefore expected to clarify this relationship between the electronic state of phase IV and the excitonic insulator state of phase II through accurate theoretical calculations using the crystallographic parameters and variations discussed herein.

4. Conclusions

In summary, high-pressure X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out on the layered transition metal chalcogenide Ta₂NiSe₅ to characterize the crystallographic parameters for the four observed phases in the context of their semiconductor, excitonic insulator, semimetal and pseudogap properties. Using a prepared Ta₂NiSe₅ single crystal, both single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out under a range of pressures. Upon applying pressure at room temperature (∼300 K), three unique phases were observed, with transitions from C-centred monoclinic and orthorhombic structures to a primitive orthorhombic lattice system being recorded at high pressures. This reversible pressure-induced first-order structural phase transition was attributed to the varying spatial interactions of the Se ions at the different lattice sites of these phases, and was essentially attributed to coherent sliding between weakly coupled layers. After the layer sliding transition had taken place, an orthorhombic-to-monoclinic transition analogous to the ambient excitonic phase transition occurs at the corresponding temperature of the anomalous shoulder of the electric resistivity (T^*). It is implied that the excitonic phase transition also exists under high pressure. We therefore expect that our analysis and characterization of the phase transition phenomena of Ta₂NiSe₅ will lead to an ease of modelling, and will permit further studies of the potential properties of this material with regard to its pressure-dependent excitonic insulating and superconducting phases.

Supporting information

CCDC references: 1815855; 1815856; 1815857; 1815858

Crystal structure: contains datablocks Ta2NiSe5_0GPa_400K, Ta2NiSe5_2p16GPa_300K, Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_200K, Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_50K. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334/fc5022sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock Ta2NiSe5_0GPa_400K. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334/fc5022Ta2NiSe5_0GPa_400Ksup2.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock shelxl. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334/fc5022Ta2NiSe5_2p16GPa_300Ksup3.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_200K. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334/fc5022Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_200Ksup4.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334/fc5022Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_50Ksup5.hkl

Details of high-pressure single-crystal XRD measurement and Rietveld refinement. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334/fc5022sup6.pdf

Computing details top

For all structures, program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1990); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997).

(Ta2NiSe5_0GPa_400K) top

Crystal data top

NiSe₅Ta₂	D_x = 7.663 Mg m⁻³
M_r = 815.41	Synchrotron radiation, λ = 0.27865 Å
Orthorhombic, Cmcm	Cell parameters from 34120 reflections
a = 3.5029 (1) Å	θ = 1.0–20.4°
b = 12.8699 (5) Å	µ = 4.36 mm⁻¹
c = 15.6768 (8) Å	T = 400 K
V = 706.74 (5) Å³	Plate, silver
Z = 4	0.90 × 0.30 × 0.10 mm
F(000) = 1376

Data collection top

IPDSC-Q diffractometer	2745 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Silicon monochromator	R_int = 0.0000
oscillation scans	θ_max = 20.4°, θ_min = 1.0°
Absorption correction: empirical (using intensity measurements)	h = 0→8
	k = 0→32
3100 measured reflections	l = 0→38
3100 independent reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.020	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
wR(F²) = 0.053	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0206P)²] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.15	(Δ/σ)_max = 0.001
3100 reflections	Δρ_max = 2.74 e Å⁻³
27 parameters	Δρ_min = −2.62 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F² against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F², conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F². The threshold expression of F² > 2sigma(F²) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F² are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
Ta01	0.5000	0.221158 (6)	0.110222 (4)	0.01169 (2)
Se02	0.5000	0.32679 (2)	0.2500	0.01224 (3)
Se03	0.0000	0.354170 (15)	0.049338 (11)	0.01106 (2)
Se04	1.0000	0.080461 (15)	0.137726 (13)	0.01276 (3)
Ni05	1.0000	0.20096 (3)	0.2500	0.01325 (4)

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
Ta01	0.01134 (2)	0.01514 (3)	0.00860 (2)	0.000	0.000	−0.00094 (1)
Se02	0.01344 (7)	0.01401 (8)	0.00926 (7)	0.000	0.000	0.000
Se03	0.01092 (5)	0.01331 (5)	0.00897 (5)	0.000	0.000	0.00002 (4)
Se04	0.01201 (5)	0.01255 (5)	0.01373 (6)	0.000	0.000	−0.00043 (4)
Ni05	0.01419 (10)	0.01562 (11)	0.00996 (10)	0.000	0.000	0.000

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

Ta01—Se04ⁱ	2.5558 (2)	Se02—Ta01^iv	2.5787 (2)
Ta01—Se04	2.5559 (2)	Se03—Ta01ⁱ	2.6285 (2)
Ta01—Se02	2.5787 (2)	Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	2.6827 (2)
Ta01—Se03	2.6285 (2)	Se04—Ni05	2.3459 (3)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	2.6285 (2)	Se04—Ta01ⁱⁱ	2.5558 (2)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	2.6827 (2)	Ni05—Se04^iv	2.3459 (3)
Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	2.8172 (1)	Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	2.3854 (3)
Ta01—Ni05	2.8172 (1)	Ni05—Ta01^v	2.8172 (1)
Se02—Ni05ⁱ	2.3853 (3)	Ni05—Ta01^iv	2.8172 (1)
Se02—Ni05	2.3854 (3)	Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	2.8172 (1)

Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se04	86.514 (7)	Ta01—Se03—Ta01ⁱ	83.569 (6)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se02	103.307 (7)	Ta01—Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	95.925 (6)
Se04—Ta01—Se02	103.306 (7)	Ta01ⁱ—Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	95.924 (6)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03	93.787 (5)	Ni05—Se04—Ta01ⁱⁱ	70.014 (7)
Se04—Ta01—Se03	168.317 (7)	Ni05—Se04—Ta01	70.013 (7)
Se02—Ta01—Se03	88.007 (6)	Ta01ⁱⁱ—Se04—Ta01	86.515 (7)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	168.317 (7)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Se04	97.232 (18)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	93.788 (5)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	116.668 (4)
Se02—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	88.006 (6)	Se04—Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	116.667 (4)
Se03—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	83.568 (6)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Se02	116.668 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	84.334 (6)	Se04—Ni05—Se02	116.667 (4)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	84.334 (6)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Se02	94.487 (17)
Se02—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	169.369 (8)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01^v	58.493 (5)
Se03—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	84.075 (6)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01^v	130.133 (11)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	84.075 (6)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01^v	58.729 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	51.494 (8)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01^v	113.195 (11)
Se04—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	103.266 (8)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01^iv	58.493 (5)
Se02—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	52.243 (7)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01^iv	130.133 (11)
Se03—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	85.886 (7)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01^iv	113.195 (11)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	139.180 (9)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01^iv	58.728 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	133.782 (6)	Ta01^v—Ni05—Ta01^iv	76.880 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	103.265 (8)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01	130.134 (11)
Se04—Ta01—Ni05	51.493 (8)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01	58.493 (5)
Se02—Ta01—Ni05	52.244 (7)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01	113.194 (11)
Se03—Ta01—Ni05	139.181 (9)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01	58.728 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	85.887 (7)	Ta01^v—Ni05—Ta01	169.414 (17)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	133.781 (6)	Ta01^iv—Ni05—Ta01	102.121 (4)
Ni05ⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	76.880 (4)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	130.133 (11)
Ni05ⁱ—Se02—Ni05	94.488 (17)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	58.492 (5)
Ni05ⁱ—Se02—Ta01	69.028 (6)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	58.728 (4)
Ni05—Se02—Ta01	69.029 (6)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	113.194 (11)
Ni05ⁱ—Se02—Ta01^iv	69.029 (6)	Ta01^v—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	102.121 (4)
Ni05—Se02—Ta01^iv	69.028 (6)	Ta01^iv—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	169.415 (17)
Ta01—Se02—Ta01^iv	116.367 (12)	Ta01—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	76.879 (3)

Symmetry codes: (i) x−1, y, z; (ii) x+1, y, z; (iii) −x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z; (iv) x, y, −z+1/2; (v) x+1, y, −z+1/2.

(Ta2NiSe5_2p16GPa_300K) top

Crystal data top

NiSe₅Ta₂	D_x = 8.244 Mg m⁻³
M_r = 815.41	Synchrotron radiation, λ = 0.41300 Å
Orthorhombic, Cmcm	Cell parameters from 569 reflections
a = 3.4375 (2) Å	θ = 3.1–18.5°
b = 12.375 (1) Å	µ = 14.13 mm⁻¹
c = 15.4437 (14) Å	T = 300 K
V = 656.96 (9) Å³	Plate, silver
Z = 4	0.60 × 0.30 × 0.10 mm
F(000) = 1376

Data collection top

RAXISV diffractometer	θ_max = 18.5°, θ_min = 3.1°
Graphite monochromator	h = 0→5
oscillation scans	k = 0→4
169 measured reflections	l = 0→23
169 independent reflections	169 standard reflections every 0.35 min
146 reflections with I > 2σ(I)	intensity decay: none
R_int = 0.0000

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.035	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
wR(F²) = 0.090	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0586P)²] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.00	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
169 reflections	Δρ_max = 2.03 e Å⁻³
14 parameters	Δρ_min = −2.78 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Experimental. Under pressure of 2.16 GPa

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
Ta01	0.5000	0.2219 (3)	0.10988 (4)	0.0071 (3)*
Se02	0.5000	0.3311 (10)	0.2500	0.0076 (6)*
Se03	0.0000	0.3587 (8)	0.04875 (11)	0.0066 (4)*
Se04	1.0000	0.0763 (8)	0.13832 (11)	0.0090 (5)*
Ni05	1.0000	0.2011 (13)	0.2500	0.0077 (8)*

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

Ta01—Se04ⁱ	2.529 (7)	Se02—Ta01^iv	2.551 (7)
Ta01—Se04	2.529 (7)	Se03—Ta01ⁱ	2.591 (7)
Ta01—Se02	2.551 (7)	Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	2.645 (4)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	2.591 (7)	Se04—Ni05	2.316 (11)
Ta01—Se03	2.591 (7)	Se04—Ta01ⁱⁱ	2.529 (7)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	2.645 (4)	Ni05—Se04^iv	2.316 (11)
Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	2.7754 (15)	Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	2.354 (13)
Ta01—Ni05	2.7754 (16)	Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	2.7754 (16)
Se02—Ni05ⁱ	2.354 (13)	Ni05—Ta01^v	2.7755 (16)
Se02—Ni05	2.354 (13)	Ni05—Ta01^iv	2.7755 (16)

Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se04	85.6 (3)	Ta01—Se03—Ta01ⁱ	83.1 (3)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se02	103.3 (2)	Ta01—Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	95.2 (2)
Se04—Ta01—Se02	103.3 (2)	Ta01ⁱ—Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	95.2 (2)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	168.50 (12)	Ni05—Se04—Ta01ⁱⁱ	69.7 (3)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	94.49 (18)	Ni05—Se04—Ta01	69.7 (3)
Se02—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	87.9 (2)	Ta01ⁱⁱ—Se04—Ta01	85.6 (3)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03	94.49 (18)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Se04	96.3 (6)
Se04—Ta01—Se03	168.50 (12)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Se02	117.12 (17)
Se02—Ta01—Se03	87.9 (2)	Se04—Ni05—Se02	117.12 (17)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se03	83.1 (3)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	117.12 (17)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	83.79 (17)	Se04—Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	117.12 (17)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	83.79 (17)	Se02—Ni05—Se02ⁱⁱ	93.8 (7)
Se02—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	170.2 (3)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	130.0 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	84.8 (2)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	58.75 (17)
Se03—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	84.8 (2)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	112.9 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	51.5 (3)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01ⁱⁱ	58.96 (17)
Se04—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	102.7 (3)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01	130.0 (4)
Se02—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	52.2 (3)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01	58.75 (17)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	139.1 (3)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01	58.96 (17)
Se03—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	86.2 (2)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01	112.9 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05ⁱ	133.4 (2)	Ta01ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01	76.53 (5)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	102.7 (3)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01^v	58.75 (17)
Se04—Ta01—Ni05	51.5 (3)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01^v	130.0 (4)
Se02—Ta01—Ni05	52.2 (3)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01^v	112.9 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	86.2 (2)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01^v	58.96 (17)
Se03—Ta01—Ni05	139.1 (3)	Ta01ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01^v	102.46 (8)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	133.4 (2)	Ta01—Ni05—Ta01^v	169.4 (7)
Ni05ⁱ—Ta01—Ni05	76.53 (5)	Se04^iv—Ni05—Ta01^iv	58.75 (17)
Ni05ⁱ—Se02—Ni05	93.8 (7)	Se04—Ni05—Ta01^iv	130.0 (4)
Ni05ⁱ—Se02—Ta01	68.8 (3)	Se02—Ni05—Ta01^iv	58.96 (17)
Ni05—Se02—Ta01	68.8 (3)	Se02ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01^iv	112.9 (4)
Ni05ⁱ—Se02—Ta01^iv	68.8 (3)	Ta01ⁱⁱ—Ni05—Ta01^iv	169.4 (7)
Ni05—Se02—Ta01^iv	68.8 (3)	Ta01—Ni05—Ta01^iv	102.46 (8)
Ta01—Se02—Ta01^iv	116.1 (5)	Ta01^v—Ni05—Ta01^iv	76.53 (5)

Symmetry codes: (i) x−1, y, z; (ii) x+1, y, z; (iii) −x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z; (iv) x, y, −z+1/2; (v) x+1, y, −z+1/2.

(Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_200K) top

Crystal data top

NiSe₅Ta₂	D_x = 8.666 Mg m⁻³
M_r = 815.41	Synchrotron radiation, λ = 0.41300 Å
Orthorhombic, Pmnm	Cell parameters from 543 reflections
a = 3.437 (1) Å	θ = 1.5–9.2°
b = 5.861 (1) Å	µ = 14.85 mm⁻¹
c = 15.5120 (1) Å	T = 200 K
V = 312.48 (11) Å³	Plate, silver
Z = 2	0.60 × 0.30 × 0.10 mm
F(000) = 688

Data collection top

RAXISV diffractometer	R_int = 0.0000
Graphite monochromator	θ_max = 18.5°, θ_min = 3.1°
oscillation scans	h = 0→5
156 measured reflections	k = 0→2
156 independent reflections	l = 0→23
136 reflections with I > 2σ(I)	156 standard reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.035	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
wR(F²) = 0.081	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0229P)² + 7.8206P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.14	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
156 reflections	Δρ_max = 2.31 e Å⁻³
14 parameters	Δρ_min = −2.30 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Experimental. Under pressure of 4.22 GPa

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
Ta01	0.2500	0.4822 (6)	0.11304 (5)	0.0056 (3)*
Ni02	0.7500	0.471 (3)	0.2500	0.0044 (8)*
Se03	0.2500	0.2550 (17)	0.53650 (11)	0.0058 (4)*
Se04	0.7500	0.1770 (16)	0.14863 (12)	0.0065 (5)*
Se05	0.7500	0.262 (2)	0.7500	0.0063 (5)*

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

Ta01—Se04ⁱ	2.541 (7)	Ni02—Ta01^vii	2.7334 (8)
Ta01—Se04	2.541 (7)	Ni02—Ta01^v	2.7334 (8)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	2.595 (7)	Ni02—Ta01^viii	2.7334 (8)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	2.595 (7)	Se03—Ta01^ix	2.595 (7)
Ta01—Se05^iv	2.599 (9)	Se03—Ta01^x	2.595 (7)
Ta01—Se03^v	2.675 (6)	Se03—Ta01^v	2.675 (6)
Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	2.7334 (8)	Se04—Ta01^viii	2.541 (7)
Ta01—Ni02	2.7334 (8)	Se05—Ni02^vi	2.324 (15)
Ni02—Se05^vi	2.324 (15)	Se05—Ni02^iv	2.324 (15)
Ni02—Se05^iv	2.324 (15)	Se05—Ta01^iv	2.599 (9)
Ni02—Se04	2.331 (12)	Se05—Ta01^ix	2.599 (9)
Ni02—Se04^vii	2.331 (12)

Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se04	85.1 (3)	Se05^vi—Ni02—Ta01^vii	61.21 (18)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	164.79 (16)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01^vii	116.6 (4)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	93.97 (19)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01^vii	122.9 (5)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	93.97 (19)	Se04^vii—Ni02—Ta01^vii	59.60 (18)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	164.79 (16)	Se05^vi—Ni02—Ta01^v	116.6 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱⁱ	82.9 (3)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01^v	61.21 (18)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se05^iv	103.2 (2)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01^v	122.9 (5)
Se04—Ta01—Se05^iv	103.2 (2)	Se04^vii—Ni02—Ta01^v	59.60 (18)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se05^iv	91.8 (3)	Ta01^vii—Ni02—Ta01^v	77.91 (3)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se05^iv	91.8 (3)	Se05^vi—Ni02—Ta01	116.6 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03^v	80.68 (18)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01	61.21 (18)
Se04—Ta01—Se03^v	80.68 (18)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01	59.60 (18)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se03^v	84.2 (3)	Se04^vii—Ni02—Ta01	122.9 (5)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Se03^v	84.2 (3)	Ta01^vii—Ni02—Ta01	177.2 (7)
Se05^iv—Ta01—Se03^v	174.7 (3)	Ta01^v—Ni02—Ta01	102.02 (3)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	52.3 (3)	Se05^vi—Ni02—Ta01^viii	61.21 (18)
Se04—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	103.8 (3)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01^viii	116.6 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	141.9 (4)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01^viii	59.60 (18)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	87.4 (2)	Se04^vii—Ni02—Ta01^viii	122.9 (5)
Se05^iv—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	51.6 (3)	Ta01^vii—Ni02—Ta01^viii	102.02 (3)
Se03^v—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	131.4 (3)	Ta01^v—Ni02—Ta01^viii	177.2 (7)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	103.8 (3)	Ta01—Ni02—Ta01^viii	77.91 (3)
Se04—Ta01—Ni02	52.3 (3)	Ta01^ix—Se03—Ta01^x	82.9 (3)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	87.4 (2)	Ta01^ix—Se03—Ta01^v	95.8 (3)
Se03ⁱⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	141.9 (4)	Ta01^x—Se03—Ta01^v	95.8 (3)
Se05^iv—Ta01—Ni02	51.6 (3)	Ni02—Se04—Ta01	68.1 (3)
Se03^v—Ta01—Ni02	131.4 (3)	Ni02—Se04—Ta01^viii	68.1 (3)
Ni02ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	77.91 (3)	Ta01—Se04—Ta01^viii	85.1 (3)
Se05^vi—Ni02—Se05^iv	95.4 (8)	Ni02^vi—Se05—Ni02^iv	95.4 (8)
Se05^vi—Ni02—Se04	119.8 (2)	Ni02^vi—Se05—Ta01^iv	67.2 (3)
Se05^iv—Ni02—Se04	119.8 (2)	Ni02^iv—Se05—Ta01^iv	67.2 (3)
Se05^vi—Ni02—Se04^vii	119.8 (2)	Ni02^vi—Se05—Ta01^ix	67.2 (3)
Se05^iv—Ni02—Se04^vii	119.8 (2)	Ni02^iv—Se05—Ta01^ix	67.2 (3)
Se04—Ni02—Se04^vii	84.8 (6)	Ta01^iv—Se05—Ta01^ix	109.7 (6)

Symmetry codes: (i) x−1, y, z; (ii) x+1/2, −y+1, z−1/2; (iii) x−1/2, −y+1, z−1/2; (iv) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (v) −x+1/2, y, −z+1/2; (vi) −x+2, −y+1, −z+1; (vii) −x+3/2, y, −z+1/2; (viii) x+1, y, z; (ix) x+1/2, −y+1, z+1/2; (x) x−1/2, −y+1, z+1/2.

(Ta2NiSe5_4p22GPa_50K) top

Crystal data top

NiSe₅Ta₂	F(000) = 688
M_r = 815.41	D_x = 8.685 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, P2/n	Synchrotron radiation, λ = 0.41300 Å
a = 3.437 (1) Å	Cell parameters from 456 reflections
b = 5.849 (11) Å	θ = 1.5–9.2°
c = 15.512 (1) Å	µ = 14.89 mm⁻¹
β = 90.53 (1)°	T = 50 K
V = 311.8 (6) Å³	Plate, silver
Z = 2	0.60 × 0.30 × 0.10 mm

Data collection top

RAXISV diffractometer	R_int = 0.0000
Graphite monochromator	θ_max = 18.4°, θ_min = 3.1°
oscillation scans	h = −5→5
189 measured reflections	k = 0→2
189 independent reflections	l = 0→23
161 reflections with I > 2σ(I)	189 standard reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.049	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
wR(F²) = 0.114	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0714P)²] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.05	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
189 reflections	Δρ_max = 1.96 e Å⁻³
18 parameters	Δρ_min = −2.06 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Experimental. Under pressure of 4.22 GPa

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
Ta01	0.7559 (5)	0.5182 (6)	0.88681 (6)	0.0033 (5)*
Ni02	0.2500	0.533 (3)	0.7500	0.0027 (12)*
Se03	0.2441 (16)	0.257 (2)	0.96328 (13)	0.0040 (7)*
Se04	0.2465 (17)	0.818 (2)	0.85148 (15)	0.0045 (7)*
Se05	0.7500	0.259 (4)	0.7500	0.0044 (8)*

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

Ta01—Se04ⁱ	2.497 (11)	Ni02—Se05^iv	2.347 (19)
Ta01—Se04	2.534 (10)	Ni02—Se05	2.347 (19)
Ta01—Se03ⁱ	2.555 (10)	Ni02—Ta01^iv	2.7317 (15)
Ta01—Se05	2.607 (12)	Ni02—Ta01^v	2.7317 (15)
Ta01—Se03	2.623 (9)	Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	2.7323 (15)
Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	2.673 (7)	Se03—Ta01^iv	2.555 (10)
Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	2.7317 (15)	Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱ	2.673 (7)
Ta01—Ni02	2.7323 (15)	Se04—Ta01^iv	2.497 (11)
Ni02—Se04	2.295 (14)	Se05—Ni02ⁱ	2.347 (19)
Ni02—Se04ⁱⁱⁱ	2.295 (14)	Se05—Ta01^v	2.607 (12)

Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se04	86.2 (4)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01^iv	58.8 (3)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱ	94.6 (3)	Se04ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Ta01^iv	124.2 (5)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱ	164.6 (2)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01^iv	61.2 (2)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se05	103.3 (3)	Se05—Ni02—Ta01^iv	116.1 (5)
Se04—Ta01—Se05	103.0 (3)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01^v	124.2 (5)
Se03ⁱ—Ta01—Se05	91.7 (4)	Se04ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Ta01^v	58.8 (3)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03	165.0 (3)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01^v	116.1 (5)
Se04—Ta01—Se03	92.1 (3)	Se05—Ni02—Ta01^v	61.2 (2)
Se03ⁱ—Ta01—Se03	83.2 (3)	Ta01^iv—Ni02—Ta01^v	176.5 (7)
Se05—Ta01—Se03	91.7 (4)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	123.2 (5)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	81.4 (2)	Se04ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	59.8 (2)
Se04—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	80.9 (2)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	61.2 (2)
Se03ⁱ—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	84.1 (4)	Se05—Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	116.1 (5)
Se05—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	174.0 (4)	Ta01^iv—Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	101.93 (4)
Se03—Ta01—Se03ⁱⁱ	83.6 (4)	Ta01^v—Ni02—Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ	77.96 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	51.8 (3)	Se04—Ni02—Ta01	59.8 (2)
Se04—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	104.1 (3)	Se04ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Ta01	123.2 (5)
Se03ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	88.2 (2)	Se05^iv—Ni02—Ta01	116.1 (5)
Se05—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	52.1 (4)	Se05—Ni02—Ta01	61.2 (2)
Se03—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	142.5 (4)	Ta01^iv—Ni02—Ta01	77.96 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni02ⁱ	131.7 (3)	Ta01^v—Ni02—Ta01	101.93 (4)
Se04ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	103.5 (3)	Ta01ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Ta01	176.5 (7)
Se04—Ta01—Ni02	51.5 (3)	Ta01^iv—Se03—Ta01	83.2 (3)
Se03ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	142.1 (5)	Ta01^iv—Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱ	95.9 (4)
Se05—Ta01—Ni02	52.1 (4)	Ta01—Se03—Ta01ⁱⁱ	96.4 (4)
Se03—Ta01—Ni02	86.8 (2)	Ni02—Se04—Ta01^iv	69.4 (4)
Se03ⁱⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	131.0 (3)	Ni02—Se04—Ta01	68.7 (3)
Ni02ⁱ—Ta01—Ni02	77.96 (4)	Ta01^iv—Se04—Ta01	86.2 (4)
Se04—Ni02—Se04ⁱⁱⁱ	86.6 (7)	Ni02—Se05—Ni02ⁱ	94.2 (10)
Se04—Ni02—Se05^iv	119.1 (3)	Ni02—Se05—Ta01	66.7 (4)
Se04ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Se05^iv	120.3 (3)	Ni02ⁱ—Se05—Ta01	66.7 (4)
Se04—Ni02—Se05	120.3 (3)	Ni02—Se05—Ta01^v	66.7 (4)
Se04ⁱⁱⁱ—Ni02—Se05	119.1 (3)	Ni02ⁱ—Se05—Ta01^v	66.7 (4)
Se05^iv—Ni02—Se05	94.2 (10)	Ta01—Se05—Ta01^v	109.0 (8)

Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+2; (iii) −x+1/2, y, −z+3/2; (iv) x−1, y, z; (v) −x+3/2, y, −z+3/2.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for technical support from Dr K. Niwa and Professor M. Hasegawa.

Funding information

Single-crystal XRD experiments were performed under the Shared Use Program of the QST Facilities (proposal No. 2016A-E17) supported by the QST Advanced Characterization Nanotechnology Platform of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan (proposal No. A-16-QS-0009). The synchrotron radiation experiments on the QST BL22XU and BL02B1 beamlines at the SPring-8 facility were conducted with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (proposal Nos. 2016A3782 and 2015A1528, respectively). The synchrotron radiation experiments on the AR-NE1A (PF-AR) and BL-8B (PF) beamlines were performed under the approval of the Photon Factory Program Advisory Committee (proposal Nos. 2010S2-004 and 2014S2-003).

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IUCrJ

Volume 5| Part 2| March 2018| Pages 158-165

ISSN: 2052-2525

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517018334

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