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Figure 4
Blue points and upper scale: freezing temperature of bulk aqueous glycerol solutions versus glycerol concentration from Lane (1925BB59) (triangles) and Segur (1946BB102) (diamonds). Black points and lower scale: freezing temperature of pure water versus confinement diameter for confinement in cylindrical nanopores formed in silica from Findenegg et al. (2008BB26) (triangles), Jähnert et al. (2008BB43) (squares) and Kittaka et al. (2006BB53) (diamonds). Confinement within ∼100 Å pores is as effective as adding 30–35%(v/v) glycerol in suppressing freezing temperatures.

IUCrJ
Volume 6| Part 3| May 2019| Pages 346-356
ISSN: 2052-2525
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252519001878