research papers
Influence of modelling disorder on Hirshfeld atom
results of an organo-gold(I) compoundaBiological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland, bFaculty for Chemistry und Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and cDepartment of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
*Correspondence e-mail: kwozniak@chem.uw.edu.pl
Details of the validation of disorder modelling with Hirshfeld atom
(HAR) for a previously investigated organo-gold(I) compound are presented here. The impact of refining disorder on HAR results is discussed using an analysis of the differences of dynamic structure factors. These dynamic differences are calculated from thermally smeared quantum mechanical electron densities based on wavefunctions that include or exclude and relativistic effects. When disorder is modelled, the electron densities stem from a weighted superposition of two (or more) different conformers. Here this is shown to impact the relative importance of and relativistic effect estimates expressed by the magnitudes. The role of disorder modelling is also compared with the effect of the treatment of hydrogen anisotropic displacement parameter (ADP) values and atomic anharmonicity of the gold atom. The analysis of ADP values of gold and disordered carbon atoms showed that the effect of disorder significantly altered carbon ADP values and did not influence those of the gold atom.Keywords: disorder; Hirshfeld atom refinement; heavy elements; relativistic effects; quantum crystallography.
CCDC reference: 2178113
1. Introduction
The number of structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is increasing quickly and has surpassed one million structures (Groom et al., 2016), almost 30% of which are disordered (Groom et al., 2016). Generally, disorder occurs when atoms, functional groups or even whole molecules are located in different positions in different unit cells in the crystal (Müller et al., 2006). Usually, disorder occurs in only some parts of the molecule, such as freely rotating methyl (Kaiser Morris et al., 1997; Roessler et al., 2000) or tert-butyl groups, solvent molecules (Teeter, 1992), and other organic functional groups or long side chains (Inoue et al., 2022). Detecting and modelling disorder is important not only in crystallography (Dittrich, 2021), but also in other scientific fields, including materials chemistry (Varn & Crutchfield, 2015), the pharmaceutical industry (Dittrich, 2021) or the study of protein functions (Atkins et al., 2015). For example, it has been reported that disordered graphene nanosheets have very high reversible capacities and are promising candidates for high-capacity Li ion batteries (Pan et al., 2009). Also, disordered proteins have been found to play an important role in DNA binding and signalling cascades (Atkins et al., 2015).
In crystallography, the SHELXL (Sheldrick, 2008, 2015) using the graphical interface of Olex2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009). Of course, such is also possible with other common crystallographic packages such as olex2.refine (Bourhis et al., 2015), CRYSTALS (Betteridge et al., 2003) or JANA (Petříček et al., 2014) etc. So far, the most popular model used for structural with disorder has been the independent atom model (IAM) (Compton, 1915). In this approach, the atomic scattering factors are obtained from theoretical calculations of spherically averaged atomic electron densities for isolated and uncharged atoms. As a consequence, the information about the aspherical electron density in the bonding and lone pair regions or between interacting molecules is lost. Description of spherical electron density is not sufficient for atoms of heavy elements either, since they are easily polarizable and adopt aspherical shapes when in molecules (Zhurov et al., 2011). Moreover, the use of the IAM systematically underestimates X–H distances (Woińska et al., 2016) and does not allow for the of hydrogen anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs). Therefore, the IAM is increasingly being replaced by more sophisticated descriptions of the electron density in crystals (Hansen & Coppens, 1978; Jayatilaka, 1998; Jayatilaka & Dittrich, 2008; Capelli et al., 2014). The most popular method, which overcomes all the shortcomings of the IAM, is Hirshfeld atom (HAR) (Jayatilaka & Dittrich, 2008; Capelli et al., 2014). This is an iterative procedure, where `tailor-made' aspherical atomic scattering factors (Hirshfeld, 1977), obtained by quantum mechanical methods, are used to refine the atomic positions and ADPs in the standard, least-squares structure until convergence. Previous work reported that HAR provides more accurate hydrogen atom positions (Woińska et al., 2016, 2021; Malaspina et al., 2020) than IAM and enables of hydrogen ADP values (Wanat et al., 2021). Furthermore, HAR utilizing relativistic Hamiltonians was also successfully applied to heavy elements (Pawlędzio et al., 2021; Bučinský et al., 2019, 2016).
of disorder involves occupancy parameters for the different positions in the and is most conveniently performed withThree implementations of HAR are currently available (Fig. 1). The original HAR (Jayatilaka & Dittrich, 2008) is implemented in the Tonto (Jayatilaka & Grimwood, 2001) software, and can be used under two graphical interfaces: lamaGOET (Malaspina et al., 2021) and HARt in Olex2 (Fugel et al., 2018) (only up to version 1.5). Tonto enables calculations of structure factors at either Hartee–Fock (HF) (Strinati, 2005) level of theory or using density functional theory (DFT) (Sholl & Steckel, 2009) with different functionals such as, for example, BLYP/B3LYP and relativistic Hamiltonians (IOTC and DKH). Also, of anharmonic thermal motions and the simulation of the crystal field by a cluster of point charges and dipoles around the investigated molecule are available (Dittrich et al., 2012; Woinska et al., 2019). Unfortunately, HAR cannot be used with this software implementation for disordered and polymeric structures, for structures in non-centrosymmetric space groups with special positions, or for twinned crystals. Moreover, using HAR with Tonto is computationally very expensive, and it is not well optimized for atoms heavier than krypton.
One idea to speed up HAR was to integrate it with libraries of extremely localized molecular orbitals (ELMOs; Meyer & Genoni, 2018). The HAR–ELMO (Malaspina et al., 2019) method, however, is at present mostly dedicated to the of proteins. To overcome the limitations of Tonto and make HAR more user-friendly for small molecules, two independent HAR methods were recently developed (Kleemiss et al., 2021; Chodkiewicz et al., 2018, 2020). Both the NoSpherA2 (Kleemiss et al., 2021) and the DiSCaMB (Chodkiewicz et al., 2018) libraries allow the use of HAR with the Olex2 GUI (Dolomanov et al., 2009). Single-point calculations can be carried out by well known pieces of quantum chemistry software, such as ORCA (Neese, 2012; Neese et al., 2020), GAMESS (Barca et al., 2020) or Gaussian (Frisch et al., 2016), which makes a variety of quantum mechanical methods available including the relativistic Hamiltonian. Since HARs in these frameworks use the same engine as the IAMs [namely olex2.refine (Bourhis et al., 2015)], they can be performed with constraints and restraints. The new HARs are performed against F2, and a Shelx-type weighting scheme can be applied. NoSpherA2 provides an opportunity for of anharmonic atomic motion (Mallinson et al., 1988), which might be important for heavier atoms (Pawlędzio et al., 2021). However, NoSpherA2 does not permit building up clusters of charges around the central molecule to simulate the crystal field, only solvation models. On the other hand, DiSCaMB enables refinements with a simulated crystal field environment, and offers a choice of different electron density partitioning (Chodkiewicz et al., 2020), as well as the use of post-HF methods (Magnasco, 2013); however, of anharmonic atomic motion (Mallinson et al., 1988) is not possible.
Our previous work on relativistic HAR for an organo-gold(I) compound showed that relativistic effects, et al., 2021). The detected partial disorder of one phenyl ring was not included, since it was impossible to handle disorder with HAR in the software Tonto. Very recently, Kleemiss et al. (2021) proposed how to model disorder in HAR using NoSpherA2 implemented in Olex2 (Holsten et al., 2021). Since then, the HAR method can be applied for structures with a higher degree of complexity of disorder, including cases where heavy atoms are present or for polymeric structures. It is finally possible for quantum crystallography to be employed by a wider range of researchers, especially for poorly diffracting crystals. This is possible due to the advancement of the methodology, in particular models of atomic electron density and the development of software, for example, the recently published work on HAR with periodic DFT calculations with the projector augmented wave method (Ruth et al., 2022), or new implementations of DiSCaMB (Chodkiewicz et al., 2018) in CRYSTALS (Betteridge et al., 2003); however, in this latter case its related functionality is not yet publicly available.
and atomic anharmonicity significantly influence the electron density distribution in the crystal (PawlędzioHere, we decided to reinvestigate our study with NoSpherA2 (Kleemiss et al., 2021) because it is the only software that allows us to study disorder and anharmonicity together. We validated the modelling of disorder with HAR using different levels of theory for the theoretical wavefunctions used to produce the non-spherical scattering factors, namely HF and DFT with and without relativistic corrections. This means that both the effects of via the DFT functional and the relativistic effects can be studied separately. It was investigated earlier what these differences in the wavefunctions mean for the derived structure factors, and in which domains and regions these effects are more or less pronounced relative to each other (Bučinský et al., 2016, 2019; Pawlędzio et al., 2022). Here, we study whether the relative importance of these two physical effects changes if not one wavefunction is used to calculate the scattering factors and ultimately the structure factors, but two. Two different wavefunctions at two different geometries are needed for the two disorder components of the molecule in the (Bourhis et al., 2015), and the two resulting quantum mechanical wavefunctions are then merged using the weights of the refined disorder occupation/population parameters. More details on how disorder is treated in NoSpherA2 are discussed in the literature (Kleemiss et al., 2021). In any case, we can only indirectly assess and relativistic effects through changes in the dynamic structure factors since there are no parameters or descriptors in HAR, or the wavefunction itself, for that matter, that measure or represent these two effects. Here, we discuss the changes in the structure factors also in relation to their effect on the refined parameters, namely hydrogen and carbon ADPs and gold anharmonicity.
2. Experimental and computations
2.1. X-ray data collection
The high-resolution X-ray diffraction experiment was performed using synchrotron radiation at the BL02B1 beamline (SPring-8 synchrotron (SP8), Japan). The X-ray energy used during the experiment was 50 keV (λ = 0.2486 Å). The experiment was carried out at 80 K using a Huber 1/4χ-axis goniometer equipped with a Pilatus3 X 1M CdTe (P3) detector. The Pilatus images were converted to the Bruker .sfrm format and integrated as described in our previous paper (Pawlędzio et al., 2021).
2.2. Structure determination
The structure of the compound studied here has been published recently (Pawlędzio et al., 2021). However, the models did not include the partial disorder (∼22%) of one of the phenyl rings (Fig. 2). Here, we have reinvestigated the structure of [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-yn-1-yl](triphenylphosphine)gold(I) and modelled the above-mentioned disorder. The initial model was obtained with IAM using SHELXL (Sheldrick, 2008, 2015) within the graphical interface of Olex2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009). To do this, the positions of carbon atoms (C22–C27) that showed suspiciously large ADPs were split into two parts, resulting in two conformations of 78 and 22% occupation, respectively. Also, some restraints were applied for the C23A–C27A atoms to fit the hexagonal shape for the phenyl ring and keep the same values of the corresponding C—C distances from the major and minor components of the disordered parts with a sigma value of 0.02 Å. This initially refined model was then used as an input for HAR. The details of X-ray data collection and structure after IAM with disorder are given in Table S1 of the supporting information.
2.3. Hirshfeld atom refinement
HARs were performed with the NoSpherA2 (Kleemiss et al., 2021) interface implemented in Olex2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009) using full-matrix least-squares in olex2.refine. The molecular wavefunctions were calculated with ORCA (Neese, 2012, 2020) either at the HF (Strinati, 2005) or at the DFT/PBE (Sholl & Steckel, 2009) levels of theory, either using the non-relativistic or relativistic second-order Douglas–Kroll–Hess (DKH2) (Reiher, 2012; Reiher & Wolf, 2004) Hamiltonian, utilizing Jorge-TZP and Jorge-TZP-DKH basis sets (Martins et al., 2015; Pritchard et al., 2019), respectively. Any of these wavefunctions were read by the NoSpherA2 (Kleemiss et al., 2021) software; the related electron-density was partitioned into Hirshfeld atoms, whose Fourier transforms are the non-spherical scattering factors, which were then tabulated in a .tsc file and handed over to olex2.refine (Bourhis et al., 2015) for the least-squares More details on the procedure are discussed by Midgley et al. (2021).
The geometry including disorder modelling after spherical Δf′ and Δf′′ parameters for the correction were taken from the Sasaki table (Sasaki, 1989). The high integration accuracy setting for the calculations of grids was used, with the normal SCF convergence threshold and a slow convergence SCF strategy.
was used as input. For the sake of comparison HARs without disorder modelling were also performed. In all refinements,Positions of hydrogen atoms and their ADPs were refined in two ways. In the first case, the positions of hydrogen atoms and their ADPs were freely refined with the exception of hydrogen atoms from the minor disorder component. These hydrogen atoms were refined isotropically as riding atoms with distances fixed at 1.1 Å, as informed by neutron experiments (Allen & Bruno, 2010). In the second case, we refined the positions of the hydrogen atoms as described above, but this time the ADP values for hydrogen atoms were estimated using SHADE3 (Madsen, 2006). In both situations, the restraints, which were applied for the C23A–C27A atoms during IAM, were also included in HAR. All HAR models included anharmonic displacement factors from the Gram–Charlier expansion (Mallinson et al., 1988) of the ADP values for Au (the third- and fourth-order values of the Gram–Charlier coefficients are listed in Tables S3 and S4). Table 1 lists all abbreviations used in this study to distinguish HARs. Statistical parameters of all HARs performed are given in Table S2.
|
3. Results and discussion
3.1. comparison
Table 2 shows a comparison of the agreement statistics obtained after the IAM and HAR refinements (rks_rel_anis_dis and rks_rel_anis_no_dis models) with and without disorder, respectively. It is undeniable that when the quality of diffraction data is good enough, more complex models should describe electron density better than simpler models which do not take disorder into account. Usually, this is associated with a lowering of the R-values and lowering maxima of the residual electron density. Here, the differences are very small and mostly reflected in the slightly lower R-factors (IAM_no_dis versus IAM_dis, and rks_rel_anis_no_dis versus rks_rel_anis_dis). The situation is similar when looking at rks_rel_shade_no_dis versus rks_rel_shade_dis (Table S2). These differences become more visible when comparing IAM and HAR, which is not surprising, since IAM does not describe aspherical features such as electron density of lone pairs or chemical bonds. It is also worth noting that the application of HAR changes the occupancies in the final refined model thus reducing the percentage of disorder from 22 (Fig. 2) to 15% (Fig. 3).
|
We also show two-dimensional maps of dynamic electron density differences between HAR models: rks_rel_anis_dis and rks_rel_anis_no _dis (Fig. 4). As can be seen, modelling of the disordered phenyl ring caused only small changes in the vicinity of Au [±0.06 e Å−3, Fig. 4(a)]. Naturally, bigger changes were observed in the region of the disordered phenyl ring, with the maximum and minimum values ranging from +0.3 to −0.7 e Å−3, respectively [Fig. 4(b)]. The question arises what, if anything, has actually changed in the parameters associated with anharmonicity and in the signatures of relativistic effects and electron correlation? How do they change when disorder is included in the procedure?
To answer this question, we decided to carefully analyse the changes between HAR models and investigate the impact of disorder modelling (DIS) on the obtained ADPs and structure factors. We also compared the DIS effect with effects of treatment of hydrogen ADPs (SHADE) and
of atomic anharmonic thermal motion of Au (ANH). Finally, we inspected how the above-mentioned refined parameters are affected by relativistic effects (REL) and (ECORR).3.2. Effect of modelling disorder on the ADPs
Fig. 5(a) shows a plot of the ADPs of Au and C25 within three estimated standard deviations (e.s.d.'s) for three HAR models: rks_rel_anh_anis_dis, rks_rel_anh_anis and rks_rel_anis. The plot illustrates the impact of modelling disorder and compares it with the effect of modelling the atomic anharmonic thermal motion of Au. It can be seen that the Au ADP values are affected by modelling of the anharmonicity, but are not affected by modelling of the disorder at the rks_rel level of theory. The situation for C25 in the disordered phenyl group is, of course, slightly different. The biggest change is observed for the U11 element of the ADP tensor, leading to overall smaller ADP values for this carbon atom when disorder was included, but did not change on of anharmonic thermal motion for Au. This indicates that the effects of disorder in the phenyl ring and the description of anharmonicity of Au are not correlated. This was also confirmed in Fig. 5(b), which presents an overview of all the investigated effects and how accounting for disorder influenced the description of these effects. For the Au ADPs, the effects of DIS and SHADE are very small, smaller than three standard uncertainties, and did not significantly change the magnitude of the ADP values related to relativistic effects, or anharmonicity.
However, when considering the consequences of including anharmonicity, it influenced HAR refined ADP values related to both relativistic and U11, U22 and U33 components of the ADP tensor. The differences are larger than three standard uncertainties, with the biggest change observed for the U11 component [Fig. 5(b) and Table S9]. The effect of SHADE is also significant and influenced the U11 component, while the effects of accounting for REL, ECORR and ANH for the C25 ADP are negligible [Fig. 5(b) and Table S9].
effects and increased these effects by an order of magnitude (Tables S6 and S8). In the case of the C25 ADP, the DIS effect is important for the diagonalAs reported in our previous work, refined ADP values depend on the level of theory used for HAR including an increase of the Au ADP on inclusion of REL and ECORR in the wavefunction. This observation corresponds well with the displacement obtained in this study. The observed direction of the changes of the ADP values caused by inclusion of relativistic correction (Table S5) is also in agreement with the previous study, while in the case of accounting for U11, U22 and U33 components of the ADP tensor, similarly to our previous work, have an isotropic shape when REL and ECORR are taken into account (Tables S5 and S9), whereas when ANH and DIS are accounted for some anisotropy was observed (Tables S5 and S9). For the Au ADP, the amount of influence of the studied effects changes as follows: REL > ANH > ECORR >>> DIS ≈ SHADE, and for the carbon C25 the order is DIS >>> SHADE >> ECORR > ANH > REL.
here we obtain the opposite result, namely, a decrease of the Au ADP values. The differences in the values of the corresponding diagonal3.3. Effect of modelling disorder on dynamic structure factors
Here we inspect the amount of relativistic effects, versus the data resolution (in Å−1) are shown in Fig. 6 in an absolute representation:
disorder, anharmonicity and the effect of the treatment of hydrogen ADPs on the calculated dynamic structure factors. The differences of the calculated dynamic structure factorsThe (b)] is the most important for low-angle X-ray diffraction data (Bučinský et al., 2016). It increases slightly with the data resolution and drops down approaching 0.70 A−1 after reaching the global maximum at around 0.45 A−1. On the other hand, differences due to relativistic effects [Fig. 6(b)] behave differently. For the resolution range used, two stepwise increases are observed. The most visible is in the range from the low-angle data, which shows little difference on inclusion of relativistic effects, up to the observed maximum at ∼0.50 A−1, followed by a decrease down to 0.80 A−1. In the higher-angle data region, starting from approximately 0.90 A−1 a slow re-increase is observed. These findings are in excellent agreement with the previously reported studies of resolution dependence of relativistic effects (Bučinský et al., 2016; Fischer et al., 2011; Batke & Eickerling, 2016b,a).
effect [Fig. 6Among all effects visualized in Figs. 6(a), 6(b) and S2 of the supporting information, disorder has a slightly larger effect in the low-angle resolution region. However, similarly to some small increase is also observed, with the maximum around 0.40 A−1 resolution. When looking at the high-resolution data, of disorder seems to influence structure factors the most in the region from 0.80 to 0.96 A−1. In Fig. 6(c) it can be seen that the low-angle data are also affected by treatment of hydrogen ADPs (SHADE). Similarly to the effects of SHADE influences low-angle X-ray data most, due to the fact that hydrogen atoms scatter at low sinθ/λ. The shape of the distribution of differences in the magnitudes of structure factors due to SHADE [Fig. 6(c)] is similar to the shape due to ECORR [Fig. 6(b)], although ECORR leans more towards positive F values, whereas SHADE is more or less symmetric around the x axis.
When inspecting consequences of accounting for anharmonicity of Au on the structure factors, two observations can be made immediately [Fig. 6(c)]. First, compared with all other investigated effects, anharmonicity takes the opposite course from low-angle data up to 0.60 A−1 and changes high-resolution structure factors the most. Second, the shape of the distribution complements the shape of the corresponding differences due to REL from low angles up to 0.80 Å−1, which is interesting as these two are the effects that impact Au directly.
In Fig. 7, we illustrate the effect of obtaining the quantum mechanical electron density from one molecular wavefunction or from merging two molecular wavefunctions according to the occupation factors of the two disorder components. When comparing these two models in the difference structure factors that represent and relativistic effects, some small changes manifest in the low-angle regions [Figs. 7(a) and 7(b)]. A disorder model makes the distribution slightly narrower for REL in the resolution range from 0.06 to 0.45 Å−1 [Fig. 7(a)], whereas it makes it broader for ECORR [Fig. 7(b)]. Fig. 7(c) shows the regions of resolution of X-ray data in which the differences in moduli between REL_dis and REL_no_dis refinements as well as ECORR_dis and ECORR_no_dis occur. Both effects show similar global shapes, with points distributed fairly evenly along the y axis, whereas the differences are larger for ECORR compared with REL.
The same kind of comparison for the influence of hydrogen atom treatment on the dynamic . Figs. 8(a) and 8(b) present how accounting for relativistic effects and changes the differences in the moduli of the dynamic structure factors when hydrogen ADPs were freely refined with HAR (anis) or estimated with the SHADE server (Madsen, 2006) and then constrained in HAR (in both cases the disorder was modelled). Overall, there is no significant change in the graph associated with the description of relativistic effects [Fig. 8(a)]. However, when looking at the distribution of differences in the corresponding moduli due to some fluctuations from low-angle data up to 0.55 A−1 are visible. This is depicted in Fig. 8(b). This effect is highlighted in Fig. 8(c) where the differences between SHADE and anis refinements are shown. Changes in the differences in the corresponding moduli for the case of relativistic effects are on the order of 0.1 × ΔFcalc. For the changes are bigger and the description not notably different from the case of changes caused by accounting for disorder (Fig. 7). When inspecting the amplitude of differences in dynamic structure factors for REL, one obtains ∼2.4 and 1.7% of all structure factors affected by modelling disorder or treating hydrogen ADPs with SHADE, respectively. These values are slightly higher for (5.3 and 7.7% of all structure factors for DIS and SHADE, respectively).
differences is shown in Fig. 8The impact of the final investigated effect is shown in Fig. 9. The plots in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b) show the influence of the of anharmonicity on the distributions of differences in calculated structure factors due to relativity and As expected, of anharmonicity significantly changes the distribution of differences in calculated moduli of structure factors due to relativity over the whole range of examined resolutions as shown in Fig. 9(a). A key area is around 0.50 A−1, where a fourfold drop of the magnitude of ΔFcalc is observed on inclusion of anharmonicity. Generally, both the magnitude and the shape of the distribution change to more bell-shaped for the harmonic model and left-skewed for the anharmonic approach [Fig. 9(a)]. In contrast, the influence of the anharmonic motion on the difference dynamic structure factors affected by is rather small, and mostly present for low-angle data, approximately up to 0.55 A−1 [Fig. 9(b)]. From Fig. 9(c) we can clearly see how disproportionate the effects of modelling anharmonic thermal motions for the cases of REL and ECORR are. In the case of accounting for the relativistic effects, almost 71% of all structure factors are affected by ANH, while for only 7.8% of the structure factors changed.
4. Conclusions
A few important conclusions can be drawn from the results described above:
(1) Modelling disorder influences the dynamic
moduli. These differences are differently pronounced in the signatures of relativistic and effects in the structure factors. However, the changes in the case of ECORR are larger and mostly located in the region of the low-angle data.(2) Treatment of hydrogen ADPs (refined versus fixed at SHADE values) only affects the distribution of differences in the calculated dynamic moduli due to Changes were observed from low-angle data up to 0.55 A−1, whereas in the case of relativistic effects they seemed to be irrelevant.
(3)
of anharmonic thermal motion for Au has a significant impact on the distribution of differences in the calculated dynamic amplitudes due to relativistic effects, and is three times larger than for electron correlation.(4) The signature of relativistic effects in the distribution of differences in
amplitudes is strongly influenced by modelling the anharmonicity. It changes both the shape of the distribution and the moduli of the structure factors. On the other hand, disorder treatment only slightly affects the distribution of differences in structure factors, whereas SHADE has almost no influence on them.(5) The shape of the distribution of differences in the moduli of the corresponding structure factors when (b), 8(b) and 9(b)], but the number of affected structure factors changes in the following order: SHADE ≈ ANH > DIS.
was considered and the amount of disorder modelled was very similar to the shape of the corresponding differences caused by the method of treating the hydrogen ADPs or the of the anharmonic thermal motion for Au [Figs. 75. Summary and outlook
The focus of this work was to validate the modelling of disorder in HAR. A high-resolution and high-quality experimental X-ray diffraction dataset for the
of an organo-gold(I) compound was used. This successful benchmark study on modelling disorder for a compound with a heavy element was performed at different levels of theory, including HF and DFT with non-relativistic and DKH2 relativistic Hamiltonians. Within this study, we also explored the significance of modelling disorder on the results of HAR influenced separately by relativistic effects and by analyzing changes of ADPs and differences in the corresponding moduli of dynamic structure factors. The role of disorder modelling was also compared with the effects of hydrogen ADP treatment and the of atomic anharmonic thermal motions of Au.Although the overall quality of the HAR models obtained did not change much when disorder was included (R-factors or maximum and minimum values of the residual density; Table 2), some small changes in the dynamic difference electron density maps were noticeable (Fig. 4). Of course, these changes are stronger near the atoms directly involved in the disorder. A more detailed analysis of Au and C25 ADPs showed that the disorder significantly changes carbon ADP values, but these changes are only marginal for Au. We also checked the influence of the other investigated effects on the Au and C25 ADPs. In the case of Au, it appears that the largest influences came from relativistic effects and atomic anharmonicity, whereas for carbon ADPs, the most significant are disorder and also the method employed to model hydrogen atoms. in both cases has a much smaller impact than the above-mentioned effects. We can also conclude that disorder and anharmonicity are quite independent of each other in this case, when looking at ADPs (Fig. 5 and Tables S5–12).
The differences between the investigated DIS, ANH and SHADE effects observed in the differences in moduli of the corresponding dynamic structure factors and their influence on the distribution of differences in the calculated dynamic ). Their shapes and magnitudes were found to be very similar, stressing the major influence of DIS and SHADE on the distribution of differences in the calculated dynamic amplitudes due to ECORR. On the other hand, distribution of differences in the calculated dynamic amplitudes due to ANH and REL tended to be very similar (Fig. 6). By contrast, DIS took the opposite course when looking at the distribution of differences of the calculated dynamic structure factors in the low-angle range (Fig. 6). Further inspection confirmed the importance of DIS, SHADE and ANH on the distribution of differences of the calculated dynamic amplitudes that account for (Figs. 7–9). The changes in all structure factors is as follows: 7.8% > 7.7% > 5.3% for ANH, SHADE and DIS, respectively. For the relativistic effects, 71, 2.4 and 1.7% of all structure factors are affected when ANH, DIS and SHADE were included in the HAR refinements, respectively.
amplitudes due to REL and ECORR were also compared. The distribution of the low-angle structure factors is mostly affected by the three effects: DIS, SHADE and ECORR (Fig. 6In our study, we could only indirectly assess the influence of the physical effects of et al., 2020).
and the relativistic effects on dynamic structure factors and vice versa since the wavefunctions used for HAR are static, and the refined parameters only influence the wavefunctions via modified coordinates. In further studies an X-ray constrained wavefunction fitting procedure should be performed where the experimental structure factors directly modify the wavefunction parameters. However, this requires further software development to account for disorder and anharmonicity during the XCW fitting procedure. Only the effects of hydrogen ADP treatment on the XCW fitted wavefunctions could be investigated until now (MalaspinaThe crystallographic data can be obtained freely via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif under CCDC deposition numbers 2159064–2159067, 2159374–2159377, 2160108, 2160109, 2160113, 2160115–2160120.
6. Related literature
The following reference is cited in the supporting information: Whitten & Spackman (2006).
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 2178113
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252522005309/lt5049sup1.cif
contains datablock IAM_disorder_dep. DOI:Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252522005309/lt5049sup2.pdf
Zipped file containing cifs and check cifs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252522005309/lt5049sup3.zip
Program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: XL (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: Olex2 1.5 (Dolomanov et al., 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: Olex2 1.5 (Dolomanov et al., 2009).
C27H19AuClOP | F(000) = 2400 |
Mr = 622.81 | Dx = 1.794 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, C2/c | Synchrotron radiation, λ = 0.2482 Å |
a = 17.7234 (6) Å | Cell parameters from 288963 reflections |
b = 12.2442 (5) Å | θ = 0.7–15.5° |
c = 21.3184 (8) Å | µ = 0.38 mm−1 |
β = 94.6480 (16)° | T = 80 K |
V = 4611.1 (3) Å3 | Block, colourless |
Z = 8 | 0.09 × 0.08 × 0.06 mm |
SPring-8 BL02B1 diffractometer | Rint = 0.058 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan SADABS 2016/2: Krause, L., Herbst-Irmer, R., Sheldrick G.M. & Stalke D., J. Appl. Cryst. 48 (2015) 3-10 | θmax = 15.5°, θmin = 0.7° |
Tmin = 0.663, Tmax = 0.744 | h = −38→38 |
288963 measured reflections | k = −26→26 |
23743 independent reflections | l = −45→45 |
21044 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.018 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.049 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0142P)2 + 2.6058P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.09 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.015 |
23743 reflections | Δρmax = 2.06 e Å−3 |
323 parameters | Δρmin = −1.11 e Å−3 |
15 restraints |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
Au1 | 0.55638 (2) | 0.23920 (2) | 0.57818 (2) | 0.01705 (1) | |
P1 | 0.63453 (2) | 0.31541 (2) | 0.65622 (2) | 0.01515 (3) | |
Cl1 | 0.08317 (2) | −0.02792 (3) | 0.47699 (2) | 0.03315 (5) | |
O1 | 0.42216 (4) | 0.05820 (7) | 0.36685 (3) | 0.02677 (13) | |
C1 | 0.48756 (5) | 0.17539 (8) | 0.50945 (4) | 0.02156 (12) | |
C16 | 0.62633 (4) | 0.25445 (6) | 0.73278 (3) | 0.01613 (9) | |
C22 | 0.6121 (2) | 0.45950 (15) | 0.6651 (2) | 0.0163 (3) | 0.78 (3) |
C9 | 0.28824 (5) | 0.10722 (7) | 0.48336 (4) | 0.02103 (11) | |
H9 | 0.317494 | 0.157084 | 0.509366 | 0.025* | |
C3 | 0.39903 (5) | 0.08311 (6) | 0.41777 (4) | 0.01956 (11) | |
C10 | 0.73376 (4) | 0.31214 (6) | 0.64144 (3) | 0.01668 (9) | |
C2 | 0.44679 (5) | 0.13537 (7) | 0.46667 (4) | 0.02196 (12) | |
C4 | 0.31947 (4) | 0.05924 (6) | 0.43193 (3) | 0.01801 (10) | |
C15 | 0.79179 (4) | 0.30242 (8) | 0.68973 (4) | 0.02160 (12) | |
H15 | 0.779838 | 0.291440 | 0.731911 | 0.026* | |
C11 | 0.75215 (4) | 0.32637 (7) | 0.57934 (3) | 0.01865 (10) | |
H11 | 0.713073 | 0.330528 | 0.546191 | 0.022* | |
C5 | 0.27613 (5) | −0.01345 (7) | 0.39339 (4) | 0.02113 (11) | |
H5 | 0.296760 | −0.044528 | 0.357699 | 0.025* | |
C19 | 0.61286 (5) | 0.15238 (8) | 0.84857 (4) | 0.02385 (13) | |
H19 | 0.608197 | 0.117626 | 0.887912 | 0.029* | |
C27 | 0.6658 (2) | 0.5421 (2) | 0.66267 (17) | 0.0215 (3) | 0.78 (3) |
H27 | 0.717491 | 0.524104 | 0.659527 | 0.026* | 0.78 (3) |
C21 | 0.64433 (5) | 0.31158 (7) | 0.78900 (4) | 0.02149 (12) | |
H21 | 0.660981 | 0.385254 | 0.787844 | 0.026* | |
C25 | 0.56904 (17) | 0.6781 (2) | 0.67029 (18) | 0.0247 (4) | 0.78 (3) |
H25 | 0.554354 | 0.752600 | 0.671745 | 0.030* | 0.78 (3) |
C26 | 0.6437 (2) | 0.6511 (2) | 0.66485 (16) | 0.0244 (3) | 0.78 (3) |
H26 | 0.680364 | 0.707286 | 0.662575 | 0.029* | 0.78 (3) |
C6 | 0.20310 (5) | −0.04048 (7) | 0.40694 (5) | 0.02289 (13) | |
H6 | 0.173884 | −0.090936 | 0.381309 | 0.027* | |
C12 | 0.82762 (5) | 0.33446 (7) | 0.56601 (4) | 0.02113 (11) | |
H12 | 0.839870 | 0.345788 | 0.523934 | 0.025* | |
C13 | 0.88521 (4) | 0.32593 (7) | 0.61438 (4) | 0.02191 (12) | |
H13 | 0.936666 | 0.331760 | 0.605329 | 0.026* | |
C23 | 0.5362 (2) | 0.4869 (2) | 0.6702 (2) | 0.0241 (4) | 0.78 (3) |
H23 | 0.499055 | 0.431122 | 0.671418 | 0.029* | 0.78 (3) |
C8 | 0.21455 (5) | 0.08252 (8) | 0.49680 (4) | 0.02350 (13) | |
H8 | 0.192839 | 0.116147 | 0.531242 | 0.028* | |
C14 | 0.86715 (5) | 0.30890 (9) | 0.67578 (4) | 0.02363 (13) | |
H14 | 0.906460 | 0.301608 | 0.708548 | 0.028* | |
C7 | 0.17344 (5) | 0.00772 (7) | 0.45883 (4) | 0.02238 (12) | |
C17 | 0.60112 (5) | 0.14659 (7) | 0.73495 (4) | 0.02100 (11) | |
H17 | 0.588258 | 0.107841 | 0.696974 | 0.025* | |
C18 | 0.59479 (6) | 0.09568 (8) | 0.79280 (4) | 0.02514 (14) | |
H18 | 0.578094 | 0.022054 | 0.794135 | 0.030* | |
C20 | 0.63775 (7) | 0.25999 (8) | 0.84667 (4) | 0.02540 (15) | |
H20 | 0.650313 | 0.298496 | 0.884780 | 0.030* | |
C24 | 0.51540 (16) | 0.59645 (17) | 0.67362 (17) | 0.0275 (5) | 0.78 (3) |
H24 | 0.464136 | 0.615214 | 0.678248 | 0.033* | 0.78 (3) |
C25A | 0.5827 (15) | 0.6797 (7) | 0.6722 (6) | 0.042 (3) | 0.22 (3) |
H25A | 0.570106 | 0.754860 | 0.674843 | 0.051* | 0.22 (3) |
C24A | 0.5260 (11) | 0.6010 (11) | 0.6706 (8) | 0.053 (4) | 0.22 (3) |
H24A | 0.474690 | 0.622449 | 0.672077 | 0.064* | 0.22 (3) |
C23A | 0.5445 (9) | 0.4910 (10) | 0.6667 (9) | 0.033 (3) | 0.22 (3) |
H23A | 0.505728 | 0.437259 | 0.665603 | 0.039* | 0.22 (3) |
C22A | 0.6196 (9) | 0.4597 (6) | 0.6645 (8) | 0.0197 (19) | 0.22 (3) |
C27A | 0.6763 (10) | 0.5383 (9) | 0.6662 (7) | 0.026 (2) | 0.22 (3) |
H27A | 0.727599 | 0.516885 | 0.664661 | 0.032* | 0.22 (3) |
C26A | 0.6578 (14) | 0.6483 (8) | 0.6700 (7) | 0.033 (3) | 0.22 (3) |
H26A | 0.696562 | 0.702077 | 0.671135 | 0.040* | 0.22 (3) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Au1 | 0.01652 (1) | 0.02181 (1) | 0.01293 (1) | −0.00356 (1) | 0.00180 (1) | −0.00299 (1) |
P1 | 0.01480 (6) | 0.01819 (7) | 0.01252 (6) | −0.00087 (5) | 0.00151 (5) | −0.00182 (5) |
Cl1 | 0.01950 (8) | 0.04194 (14) | 0.03852 (13) | −0.00179 (8) | 0.00538 (8) | 0.00830 (11) |
O1 | 0.0295 (3) | 0.0297 (3) | 0.0220 (2) | −0.0116 (2) | 0.0075 (2) | −0.0106 (2) |
C1 | 0.0215 (3) | 0.0267 (3) | 0.0165 (2) | −0.0072 (2) | 0.0020 (2) | −0.0035 (2) |
C16 | 0.0172 (2) | 0.0182 (2) | 0.0132 (2) | −0.00015 (17) | 0.00288 (17) | −0.00204 (16) |
C22 | 0.0161 (6) | 0.0170 (6) | 0.0156 (6) | −0.0006 (4) | 0.0001 (5) | −0.0002 (5) |
C9 | 0.0242 (3) | 0.0223 (3) | 0.0165 (2) | −0.0015 (2) | 0.0013 (2) | −0.0018 (2) |
C3 | 0.0229 (3) | 0.0185 (2) | 0.0174 (2) | −0.0067 (2) | 0.0022 (2) | −0.00338 (19) |
C10 | 0.0159 (2) | 0.0198 (2) | 0.0144 (2) | 0.00018 (17) | 0.00181 (16) | −0.00071 (17) |
C2 | 0.0232 (3) | 0.0254 (3) | 0.0174 (2) | −0.0084 (2) | 0.0019 (2) | −0.0040 (2) |
C4 | 0.0209 (2) | 0.0162 (2) | 0.0169 (2) | −0.00368 (18) | 0.00092 (19) | −0.00108 (17) |
C15 | 0.0169 (2) | 0.0326 (4) | 0.0153 (2) | 0.0008 (2) | 0.00109 (18) | 0.0000 (2) |
C11 | 0.0185 (2) | 0.0226 (3) | 0.0151 (2) | 0.00143 (19) | 0.00302 (18) | 0.00077 (19) |
C5 | 0.0206 (3) | 0.0184 (3) | 0.0243 (3) | −0.0039 (2) | 0.0016 (2) | −0.0050 (2) |
C19 | 0.0279 (3) | 0.0270 (3) | 0.0172 (3) | 0.0035 (3) | 0.0050 (2) | 0.0033 (2) |
C27 | 0.0197 (6) | 0.0219 (6) | 0.0232 (6) | −0.0028 (4) | 0.0042 (5) | −0.0042 (5) |
C21 | 0.0297 (3) | 0.0197 (3) | 0.0149 (2) | −0.0007 (2) | 0.0012 (2) | −0.00313 (19) |
C25 | 0.0320 (9) | 0.0204 (6) | 0.0213 (7) | 0.0049 (4) | −0.0011 (4) | −0.0008 (4) |
C26 | 0.0296 (7) | 0.0193 (5) | 0.0245 (6) | −0.0042 (4) | 0.0039 (6) | −0.0032 (5) |
C6 | 0.0198 (3) | 0.0188 (3) | 0.0299 (4) | −0.0029 (2) | 0.0004 (2) | −0.0014 (2) |
C12 | 0.0208 (3) | 0.0236 (3) | 0.0197 (3) | 0.0011 (2) | 0.0062 (2) | 0.0021 (2) |
C13 | 0.0175 (2) | 0.0236 (3) | 0.0252 (3) | 0.0010 (2) | 0.0049 (2) | 0.0002 (2) |
C23 | 0.0157 (5) | 0.0216 (7) | 0.0347 (9) | 0.0034 (4) | 0.0000 (5) | 0.0013 (6) |
C8 | 0.0234 (3) | 0.0280 (3) | 0.0194 (3) | 0.0013 (3) | 0.0034 (2) | 0.0012 (2) |
C14 | 0.0166 (2) | 0.0325 (4) | 0.0216 (3) | 0.0012 (2) | 0.0007 (2) | −0.0005 (3) |
C7 | 0.0191 (3) | 0.0226 (3) | 0.0255 (3) | 0.0002 (2) | 0.0020 (2) | 0.0058 (2) |
C17 | 0.0271 (3) | 0.0190 (3) | 0.0172 (2) | −0.0036 (2) | 0.0036 (2) | −0.0018 (2) |
C18 | 0.0327 (4) | 0.0217 (3) | 0.0213 (3) | −0.0034 (3) | 0.0042 (3) | 0.0024 (2) |
C20 | 0.0367 (4) | 0.0260 (3) | 0.0136 (2) | 0.0025 (3) | 0.0022 (3) | −0.0021 (2) |
C24 | 0.0221 (6) | 0.0216 (7) | 0.0380 (10) | 0.0062 (5) | −0.0021 (5) | 0.0005 (6) |
C25A | 0.088 (9) | 0.018 (2) | 0.019 (2) | 0.000 (4) | −0.004 (5) | 0.0011 (18) |
C24A | 0.047 (6) | 0.059 (7) | 0.050 (6) | 0.036 (5) | −0.014 (5) | −0.008 (5) |
C23A | 0.021 (3) | 0.025 (3) | 0.051 (7) | 0.003 (2) | −0.006 (3) | −0.006 (3) |
C22A | 0.017 (3) | 0.026 (3) | 0.016 (2) | 0.0051 (18) | 0.0028 (19) | −0.002 (2) |
C27A | 0.021 (3) | 0.022 (2) | 0.037 (4) | −0.0043 (18) | 0.005 (2) | −0.015 (2) |
C26A | 0.039 (6) | 0.028 (3) | 0.034 (4) | −0.011 (3) | 0.011 (4) | −0.018 (3) |
Au1—P1 | 2.2766 (2) | C21—C20 | 1.3955 (13) |
Au1—C1 | 1.9890 (7) | C25—H25 | 0.9500 |
P1—C16 | 1.8113 (8) | C25—C26 | 1.378 (3) |
P1—C22 | 1.822 (2) | C25—C24 | 1.385 (3) |
P1—C10 | 1.8122 (7) | C26—H26 | 0.9500 |
P1—C22A | 1.797 (7) | C6—H6 | 0.9500 |
Cl1—C7 | 1.7323 (9) | C6—C7 | 1.3936 (14) |
O1—C3 | 1.2294 (10) | C12—H12 | 0.9500 |
C1—C2 | 1.2194 (11) | C12—C13 | 1.3947 (12) |
C16—C21 | 1.4020 (10) | C13—H13 | 0.9500 |
C16—C17 | 1.3962 (11) | C13—C14 | 1.3883 (13) |
C22—C27 | 1.392 (2) | C23—H23 | 0.9500 |
C22—C23 | 1.400 (3) | C23—C24 | 1.395 (2) |
C9—H9 | 0.9500 | C8—H8 | 0.9500 |
C9—C4 | 1.3970 (11) | C8—C7 | 1.3890 (13) |
C9—C8 | 1.3928 (13) | C14—H14 | 0.9500 |
C3—C2 | 1.4388 (10) | C17—H17 | 0.9500 |
C3—C4 | 1.4947 (11) | C17—C18 | 1.3943 (12) |
C10—C15 | 1.4001 (10) | C18—H18 | 0.9500 |
C10—C11 | 1.3997 (10) | C20—H20 | 0.9500 |
C4—C5 | 1.3982 (10) | C24—H24 | 0.9500 |
C15—H15 | 0.9500 | C25A—H25A | 0.9500 |
C15—C14 | 1.3938 (11) | C25A—C24A | 1.3900 |
C11—H11 | 0.9500 | C25A—C26A | 1.3900 |
C11—C12 | 1.3933 (11) | C24A—H24A | 0.9500 |
C5—H5 | 0.9500 | C24A—C23A | 1.3900 |
C5—C6 | 1.3889 (12) | C23A—H23A | 0.9500 |
C19—H19 | 0.9500 | C23A—C22A | 1.3900 |
C19—C18 | 1.3916 (13) | C22A—C27A | 1.3900 |
C19—C20 | 1.3911 (14) | C27A—H27A | 0.9500 |
C27—H27 | 0.9500 | C27A—C26A | 1.3900 |
C27—C26 | 1.393 (2) | C26A—H26A | 0.9500 |
C21—H21 | 0.9500 | ||
C1—Au1—P1 | 178.94 (3) | C25—C26—H26 | 119.8 |
C16—P1—Au1 | 113.65 (2) | C5—C6—H6 | 120.6 |
C16—P1—C22 | 105.75 (14) | C5—C6—C7 | 118.81 (8) |
C16—P1—C10 | 107.31 (3) | C7—C6—H6 | 120.6 |
C22—P1—Au1 | 110.36 (13) | C11—C12—H12 | 120.0 |
C10—P1—Au1 | 113.92 (2) | C11—C12—C13 | 120.06 (7) |
C10—P1—C22 | 105.20 (13) | C13—C12—H12 | 120.0 |
C22A—P1—Au1 | 112.9 (5) | C12—C13—H13 | 120.1 |
C22A—P1—C16 | 107.0 (6) | C14—C13—C12 | 119.84 (7) |
C22A—P1—C10 | 101.1 (5) | C14—C13—H13 | 120.1 |
C2—C1—Au1 | 178.51 (8) | C22—C23—H23 | 120.2 |
C21—C16—P1 | 122.37 (6) | C24—C23—C22 | 119.6 (2) |
C17—C16—P1 | 117.96 (5) | C24—C23—H23 | 120.2 |
C17—C16—C21 | 119.67 (7) | C9—C8—H8 | 120.7 |
C27—C22—P1 | 123.0 (2) | C7—C8—C9 | 118.66 (8) |
C27—C22—C23 | 119.55 (15) | C7—C8—H8 | 120.7 |
C23—C22—P1 | 117.3 (2) | C15—C14—H14 | 119.7 |
C4—C9—H9 | 119.7 | C13—C14—C15 | 120.52 (8) |
C8—C9—H9 | 119.7 | C13—C14—H14 | 119.7 |
C8—C9—C4 | 120.52 (7) | C6—C7—Cl1 | 119.03 (7) |
O1—C3—C2 | 122.10 (8) | C8—C7—Cl1 | 119.09 (7) |
O1—C3—C4 | 121.16 (7) | C8—C7—C6 | 121.87 (8) |
C2—C3—C4 | 116.73 (7) | C16—C17—H17 | 120.0 |
C15—C10—P1 | 122.65 (5) | C18—C17—C16 | 120.06 (7) |
C11—C10—P1 | 117.74 (5) | C18—C17—H17 | 120.0 |
C11—C10—C15 | 119.50 (7) | C19—C18—C17 | 120.22 (8) |
C1—C2—C3 | 177.21 (10) | C19—C18—H18 | 119.9 |
C9—C4—C3 | 121.10 (7) | C17—C18—H18 | 119.9 |
C9—C4—C5 | 119.68 (7) | C19—C20—C21 | 120.25 (8) |
C5—C4—C3 | 119.21 (7) | C19—C20—H20 | 119.9 |
C10—C15—H15 | 120.1 | C21—C20—H20 | 119.9 |
C14—C15—C10 | 119.85 (7) | C25—C24—C23 | 120.4 (2) |
C14—C15—H15 | 120.1 | C25—C24—H24 | 119.8 |
C10—C11—H11 | 119.9 | C23—C24—H24 | 119.8 |
C12—C11—C10 | 120.19 (7) | C24A—C25A—H25A | 120.0 |
C12—C11—H11 | 119.9 | C24A—C25A—C26A | 120.0 |
C4—C5—H5 | 119.8 | C26A—C25A—H25A | 120.0 |
C6—C5—C4 | 120.41 (8) | C25A—C24A—H24A | 120.0 |
C6—C5—H5 | 119.8 | C25A—C24A—C23A | 120.0 |
C18—C19—H19 | 120.0 | C23A—C24A—H24A | 120.0 |
C20—C19—H19 | 120.0 | C24A—C23A—H23A | 120.0 |
C20—C19—C18 | 119.95 (8) | C24A—C23A—C22A | 120.0 |
C22—C27—H27 | 120.0 | C22A—C23A—H23A | 120.0 |
C22—C27—C26 | 120.0 (2) | C23A—C22A—P1 | 115.1 (7) |
C26—C27—H27 | 120.0 | C27A—C22A—P1 | 124.9 (7) |
C16—C21—H21 | 120.1 | C27A—C22A—C23A | 120.0 |
C20—C21—C16 | 119.85 (8) | C22A—C27A—H27A | 120.0 |
C20—C21—H21 | 120.1 | C26A—C27A—C22A | 120.0 |
C26—C25—H25 | 120.0 | C26A—C27A—H27A | 120.0 |
C26—C25—C24 | 119.96 (15) | C25A—C26A—H26A | 120.0 |
C24—C25—H25 | 120.0 | C27A—C26A—C25A | 120.0 |
C27—C26—H26 | 119.8 | C27A—C26A—H26A | 120.0 |
C25—C26—C27 | 120.45 (17) | ||
Au1—P1—C16—C21 | −154.32 (6) | C10—P1—C22—C27 | −2.3 (3) |
Au1—P1—C16—C17 | 25.72 (7) | C10—P1—C22—C23 | 173.23 (18) |
Au1—P1—C22—C27 | −125.6 (2) | C10—P1—C22A—C23A | 170.4 (7) |
Au1—P1—C22—C23 | 49.9 (2) | C10—P1—C22A—C27A | −6.9 (11) |
Au1—P1—C10—C15 | −147.75 (7) | C10—C15—C14—C13 | 0.59 (15) |
Au1—P1—C10—C11 | 36.03 (7) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | 1.44 (13) |
Au1—P1—C22A—C23A | 48.3 (8) | C2—C3—C4—C9 | 14.36 (12) |
Au1—P1—C22A—C27A | −129.0 (9) | C2—C3—C4—C5 | −164.83 (8) |
P1—C16—C21—C20 | −179.26 (8) | C4—C9—C8—C7 | 1.26 (13) |
P1—C16—C17—C18 | 179.19 (7) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | 1.24 (13) |
P1—C22—C27—C26 | 175.0 (3) | C15—C10—C11—C12 | −2.14 (12) |
P1—C22—C23—C24 | −176.5 (3) | C11—C10—C15—C14 | 1.13 (13) |
P1—C10—C15—C14 | −175.03 (7) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | 0.28 (14) |
P1—C10—C11—C12 | 174.21 (6) | C5—C6—C7—Cl1 | −178.60 (7) |
P1—C22A—C27A—C26A | 177.2 (13) | C5—C6—C7—C8 | 0.61 (13) |
O1—C3—C4—C9 | −166.20 (9) | C27—C22—C23—C24 | −0.7 (2) |
O1—C3—C4—C5 | 14.61 (13) | C21—C16—C17—C18 | −0.77 (13) |
C16—P1—C22—C27 | 111.0 (2) | C26—C25—C24—C23 | −1.3 (3) |
C16—P1—C22—C23 | −73.4 (2) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −1.29 (15) |
C16—P1—C10—C15 | −21.03 (8) | C23—C22—C27—C26 | −0.5 (2) |
C16—P1—C10—C11 | 162.75 (6) | C8—C9—C4—C3 | −178.66 (8) |
C16—P1—C22A—C23A | −77.5 (8) | C8—C9—C4—C5 | 0.53 (13) |
C16—P1—C22A—C27A | 105.2 (11) | C17—C16—C21—C20 | 0.70 (13) |
C16—C21—C20—C19 | −0.48 (16) | C18—C19—C20—C21 | 0.32 (16) |
C16—C17—C18—C19 | 0.61 (15) | C20—C19—C18—C17 | −0.39 (15) |
C22—P1—C16—C21 | −33.11 (15) | C24—C25—C26—C27 | 0.0 (3) |
C22—P1—C16—C17 | 146.93 (14) | C25A—C24A—C23A—C22A | 0.0 |
C22—P1—C10—C15 | 91.26 (16) | C24A—C25A—C26A—C27A | 0.0 |
C22—P1—C10—C11 | −84.96 (16) | C24A—C23A—C22A—P1 | −177.5 (12) |
C22—C27—C26—C25 | 0.9 (3) | C24A—C23A—C22A—C27A | 0.0 |
C22—C23—C24—C25 | 1.7 (3) | C23A—C22A—C27A—C26A | 0.0 |
C9—C4—C5—C6 | −1.80 (13) | C22A—P1—C16—C21 | −29.0 (5) |
C9—C8—C7—Cl1 | 177.36 (7) | C22A—P1—C16—C17 | 151.1 (5) |
C9—C8—C7—C6 | −1.86 (13) | C22A—P1—C10—C15 | 90.9 (6) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | 177.40 (8) | C22A—P1—C10—C11 | −85.3 (6) |
C10—P1—C16—C21 | 78.80 (7) | C22A—C27A—C26A—C25A | 0.0 |
C10—P1—C16—C17 | −101.15 (7) | C26A—C25A—C24A—C23A | 0.0 |
Funding information
Support from the National Science Centre Poland within PRELUDIUM (grant No. UMO-2018/31/N/ST4/02141) and the University of Warsaw's Integrated Development Programme (ZIP), cofinanced by the European Social Fund within the framework of the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development (2016—2020 action 3.5), are gratefully acknowledged. This work was carried out in part at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007—2013. The work was accomplished at the TEAM TECH Core Facility for crystallographic and biophysical research to support the development of medicinal products sponsored by the Foundation for Polish Science (grant No. 115). The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at the BL02B1 beamline of SPring-8 with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (proposal No. 2019A1069). Theoretical calculations were performed at the Wrocław Centre for Networking and Supercomputing infrastructure (grant No. 115).
References
Allen, F. H. & Bruno, I. J. (2010). Acta Cryst. B66, 380–386. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Atkins, J. D., Boateng, S. Y., Sorensen, T. & McGuffin, L. J. (2015). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16, 19040–19054. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Barca, G. M. J., Bertoni, C., Carrington, L., Datta, D., De Silva, N., Deustua, J. E., Fedorov, D. G., Gour, J. R., Gunina, A. O., Guidez, E., Harville, T., Irle, S., Ivanic, J., Kowalski, K., Leang, S. S., Li, H., Li, W., Lutz, J. J., Magoulas, I., Mato, J., Mironov, V., Nakata, H., Pham, B. Q., Piecuch, P., Poole, D., Pruitt, S. R., Rendell, A. P., Roskop, L. B., Ruedenberg, K., Sattasathuchana, T., Schmidt, M. W., Shen, J., Slipchenko, L., Sosonkina, M., Sundriyal, V., Tiwari, A., Galvez Vallejo, J. L., Westheimer, B., Włoch, M., Xu, P., Zahariev, F. & Gordon, M. S. (2020). J. Chem. Phys. 152, 154102. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar
Batke, K. & Eickerling, G. (2016a). J. Chem. Phys. 144, 071101. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar
Batke, K. & Eickerling, G. (2016b). Phys. Scr. 91, 043010. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Betteridge, P. W., Carruthers, J. R., Cooper, R. I., Prout, K. & Watkin, D. J. (2003). J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 1487–1487. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Bourhis, L. J., Dolomanov, O. V., Gildea, R. J., Howard, J. A. K. & Puschmann, H. (2015). Acta Cryst. A71, 59–75. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Bučinský, L., Jayatilaka, D. & Grabowsky, S. (2016). J. Phys. Chem. A, 120, 6650–6669. Web of Science PubMed Google Scholar
Bučinský, L., Jayatilaka, D. & Grabowsky, S. (2019). Acta Cryst. A75, 705–717. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Capelli, S. C., Bürgi, H.-B., Dittrich, B., Grabowsky, S. & Jayatilaka, D. (2014). IUCrJ, 1, 361–379. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Chodkiewicz, M. L., Migacz, S., Rudnicki, W., Makal, A., Kalinowski, J. A., Moriarty, N. W., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., Afonine, P. V., Adams, P. D. & Dominiak, P. M. (2018). J. Appl. Cryst. 51, 193–199. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Chodkiewicz, M. L., Woińska, M. & Woźniak, K. (2020). IUCrJ, 7, 1199–1215. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Compton, A. H. (1915). Nature, 95, 343–344. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Dittrich, B. (2021). IUCrJ, 8, 305–318. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Dittrich, B., Sze, E., Holstein, J. J., Hübschle, C. B. & Jayatilaka, D. (2012). Acta Cryst. A68, 435–442. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Dolomanov, O. V., Bourhis, L. J., Gildea, R. J., Howard, J. A. K. & Puschmann, H. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 339–341. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Fischer, A., Tiana, D., Scherer, W., Batke, K., Eickerling, G., Svendsen, H., Bindzus, N. & Iversen, B. B. (2011). J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 13061–13071. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G. W., Schlegel, H. B., Scuseria, G. E., Robb, M. A., Cheeseman, J. R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Mennucci, B., Petersson, G. A., Nakatsuji, H., Caricato, M., Li, X., Hratchian, H. P., Izmaylov, A. F., Bloino, J., Zheng, G., Sonnenberg, J. L., Hada, M., Honda, Y., Ehara, M., Toyota, K., Fukuda, R., Hasegawa, J., Ishida, M., Nakajima, T., Kitao, O., Nakai, H., Vreven, T., Montgomery, J. A. Jr, Peralta, J. E., Ogliaro, F., Bearpark, M., Heyd, J. J., Brothers, E., Kudin, K. N., Staroverov, V. N., Keith, T., Kobayashi, R., Normand, J., Raghavachari, K., Rendell, A., Burant, J. C., Iyengar, S. S., Tomasi, J., Cossi, M., Rega, N., Millam, J. M., Klene, M., Knox, J. E., Cross, J. B., Bakken, V., Adamo, C., Jaramillo, J., Gomperts, R., Stratmann, R. E., Yazyev, O., Austin, A. J., Cammi, R., Pomelli, C., Ochterski, J. W., Martin, R. L., Morokuma, K., Zakrzewski, V. G., Voth, G. A., Salvador, P., Dannenberg, J. J., Dapprich, S., Daniels, A. D., Farkas, O., Foresman, J. B., Ortiz, J. V., Cioslowski, J. & Fox, D. J. (2016). Gaussian16, Revision C. 01 Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT. Google Scholar
Fugel, M., Jayatilaka, D., Hupf, E., Overgaard, J., Hathwar, V. R., Macchi, P., Turner, M. J., Howard, J. A. K., Dolomanov, O. V., Puschmann, H., Iversen, B. B., Bürgi, H.-B. & Grabowsky, S. (2018). IUCrJ, 5, 32–44. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Groom, C. R., Bruno, I. J., Lightfoot, M. P. & Ward, S. C. (2016). Acta Cryst. B72, 171–179. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Hansen, N. K. & Coppens, P. (1978). Acta Cryst. A34, 909–921. CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Web of Science Google Scholar
Hirshfeld, F. L. (1977). Theor. Chim. Acta, 44, 129–138. CrossRef CAS Web of Science Google Scholar
Holsten, S., Malaspina, L. A., Kleemiss, F., Mebs, S., Hupf, E., Grabowsky, S. & Beckmann, J. (2021). Organometallics, 40, 2027–2038. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Inoue, S., Nikaido, K., Higashino, T., Arai, S., Tanaka, M., Kumai, R., Tsuzuki, S., Horiuchi, S., Sugiyama, H., Segawa, Y., Takaba, K., Maki-Yonekura, S., Yonekura, K. & Hasegawa, T. (2022). Chem. Mater. 34, 72–83. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Jayatilaka, D. (1998). Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 798–801. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Jayatilaka, D. & Dittrich, B. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 383–393. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Jayatilaka, D. & Grimwood, D. J. (2001). Acta Cryst. A57, 76–86. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Kaiser Morris, E., Paulus, W., Cousson, A., Heger, G. & Fillaux, F. (1997). Physica B, 234–236, 74–75. CrossRef Google Scholar
Kleemiss, F., Dolomanov, O. V., Bodensteiner, M., Peyerimhoff, N., Midgley, L., Bourhis, L. J., Genoni, A., Malaspina, L. A., Jayatilaka, D., Spencer, J. L., White, F., Grundkötter-Stock, B., Steinhauer, S., Lentz, D., Puschmann, H. & Grabowsky, S. (2021). Chem. Sci. 12, 1675–1692. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Madsen, A. Ø. (2006). J. Appl. Cryst. 39, 757–758. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Magnasco, V. (2013). Elementary Molecular Quantum Mechanics, second ed., edited by V. Magnasco, pp. 681–722. Oxford: Elsevier. Google Scholar
Malaspina, L. A., Genoni, A. & Grabowsky, S. (2021). J. Appl. Cryst. 54, 987–995. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Malaspina, L. A., Hoser, A. A., Edwards, A. J., Woińska, M., Turner, M. J., Price, J. R., Sugimoto, K., Nishibori, E., Bürgi, H.-B., Jayatilaka, D. & Grabowsky, S. (2020). CrystEngComm, 22, 4778–4789. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Malaspina, L. A., Wieduwilt, E. K., Bergmann, J., Kleemiss, F., Meyer, B., Ruiz-López, M. F., Pal, R., Hupf, E., Beckmann, J., Piltz, R. O., Edwards, A. J., Grabowsky, S. & Genoni, A. (2019). J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10, 6973–6982. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mallinson, P. R., Koritsanszky, T., Elkaim, E., Li, N. & Coppens, P. (1988). Acta Cryst. A44, 336–343. CrossRef CAS Web of Science IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Martins, L. S. C., Jorge, F. E. & Machado, S. F. (2015). Mol. Phys. 113, 3578–3586. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Meyer, B. & Genoni, A. (2018). J. Phys. Chem. A, 122, 8965–8981. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Midgley, L., Bourhis, L. J., Dolomanov, O. V., Grabowsky, S., Kleemiss, F., Puschmann, H. & Peyerimhoff, N. (2021). Acta Cryst. A77, 519–533. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Müller, P., Herbst-Irmer, R., Spek, A. L., Schneider, T. R. & Sawaya, M. R. (2006). A Crystallographer's Guide to SHELXL, IUCr Texts on Crystallography, Vol. 8. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Neese, F. (2012). WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 2, 73–78. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Neese, F., Wennmohs, F., Becker, U. & Riplinger, C. (2020). J. Chem. Phys. 152, 224108. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar
Pan, D., Wang, S., Zhao, B., Wu, M., Zhang, H., Wang, Y. & Jiao, Z. (2009). Chem. Mater. 21, 3136–3142. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Pawlędzio, S., Malinska, M., Kleemiss, F., Grabowsky, S. & Woźniak, K. (2022). Inorg. Chem. 61, 4235–4239. Web of Science PubMed Google Scholar
Pawlędzio, S., Malinska, M., Woińska, M., Wojciechowski, J., Andrade Malaspina, L., Kleemiss, F., Grabowsky, S. & Woźniak, K. (2021). IUCrJ, 8, 608–620. Web of Science CSD CrossRef PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Petříček, V., Dušek, M. & Palatinus, L. (2014). Z. Kristallogr. Cryst. Mater. 229, 345–352. Google Scholar
Pritchard, B. P., Altarawy, D., Didier, B., Gibson, T. D. & Windus, T. L. (2019). J. Chem. Inf. Model. 59, 4814–4820. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reiher, M. (2012). WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 2, 139–149. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Reiher, M. & Wolf, A. (2004). J. Chem. Phys. 121, 10945–10956. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Roessler, B., Kleinhenz, S. & Seppelt, K. (2000). Chem. Commun. 1039–1040. Google Scholar
Ruth, P. N., Herbst-Irmer, R. & Stalke, D. (2022). IUCrJ, 9, 286–297. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sasaki, S. (1989). Report KEK 88-14, National Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Japan. Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 3–8. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sholl, D. S. & Steckel, J. A. (2009). Density Functional Theory: a Practical Introduction Hoboken: John Wiley. Google Scholar
Strinati, G. C. (2005). Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, edited by F. Bassani, G. L. Liedl & P. Wyder, pp. 311–318. Oxford: Elsevier. Google Scholar
Teeter, M. M. (1992). Dev. Biol. Stand. 74, 63–72. PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Varn, D. P. & Crutchfield, J. P. (2015). Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 7, 47–56. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Wanat, M., Malinska, M., Hoser, A. A. & Woźniak, K. (2021). Molecules, 26, 3730. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar
Whitten, A. E. & Spackman, M. A. (2006). Acta Cryst. B62, 875–888. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Woińska, M., Chodkiewicz, M. L. & Woźniak, K. (2021). Chem. Commun. 57, 3652–3655. Google Scholar
Woińska, M., Grabowsky, S., Dominiak, P. M., Woźniak, K. & Jayatilaka, D. (2016). Sci. Adv. 2, e1600192. Web of Science PubMed Google Scholar
Woinska, M., Wanat, M., Taciak, P., Pawinski, T., Minor, W. & Wozniak, K. (2019). IUCrJ, 6, 868–883. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Zhurov, V. V., Zhurova, E. A., Stash, A. I. & Pinkerton, A. A. (2011). J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 13016–13023. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.