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Figure 4
PAD modelled X-ray-beam-induced heating at 293 K at a 500 MHz synchrotron. As per the previous figures, six spherical crystal diameters were modelled: 100, 50, 25, 10, 5 and 1 µm. (a) An example of the PAD model for 1 × 1015 photons s−1 at 293 K. (b) A 10 µs exposure of 1 × 1015 photons s−1 at 293 K and subsequent relaxation back to 293 K. (c) Predicted temperature increase per nominal exposure time expected by the PAD model at 293 K (normalized to 1 × 1010 photons). The exposure times used were 10 ms, 1 ms, 100 µs and 10 µs for 1 × 1012, 1 × 1013, 1 × 1014 and 1 × 1015 photons s−1, respectively. (d) Predicted proportions of the 10 µs exposure at 1 × 1015 photons s−1 that a crystal of a given size will occupy different temperature ranges.

IUCrJ
Volume 13| Part 2| March 2026| Pages 184-197
ISSN: 2052-2525
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252525011224