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Figure 11
A general protocol for crystal structure determination guided by DSF. (a) DSF optimization can be applied at multiple steps throughout the X-ray crystallographic analysis workflow. The blue boxes and arrows indicate steps where DSF is used to optimize conditions, such as the protein solution (pH, ionic strength and additives) during purification and the additive conditions for crystallization. The red arrows and text highlight common problems encountered at each stage of the X-ray crystallo­graphic analysis (e.g. low protein solubility, twinning, disordered crystal). Applying DSF can help mitigate these issues. (b) Strategy for sequential parameter optimization using DSF. When multiple parameters (e.g. pH, ion concentration and specific additives) require optimization, they can be effectively optimized in a step-by-step, sequential manner, as illustrated.

IUCrJ
Volume 13| Part 2| March 2026| Pages 169-183
ISSN: 2052-2525
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252526000072