A multi-MHz single-shot data acquisition scheme with high dynamic range: pump–probe X-ray experiments at synchrotrons

Britz, A.; Assefa, T.A.; Galler, A.; Gawelda, W.; Diez, M.; Zalden, P.; Khakhulin, D.; Fernandes, B.; Gessler, P.; Sotoudi Namin, H.; Beckmann, A.; Harder, M.; Yavaş, H.; Bressler, C.

doi:10.1107/S1600577516012625

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation Journal of
Synchrotron Radiation

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Figure 4
(a) A single X-ray induced APD signal trace sampled with 2 GS s⁻¹. These are then processed to determine the baseline and the integrated signal area (indicated), delivering a measure of the X-ray intensity of the corresponding pulse. Here ∼100 samples are used to extract the background and ∼70 for the signal, delivering ∼ten-fold more precise values than the standard deviation of ∼1.4 mV of the baseline signal. (b) Measured pulse-height distribution of the integrated APD signal traces for 10⁵ single shots. The bottom ordinate denotes the raw signal amplitude per pulse, and the upper ordinate identifies the number of photons pulse⁻¹. A sum of 12 Gaussians, each corresponding to integer photon numbers between 0 and 11, has been fitted. The integrated areas of each Gaussian, shown in (c), follow a Poisson distribution delivering a mean value of 4.85 photons per X-ray pulse in this measurement.

JOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION

ISSN: 1600-5775

Volume 23| Part 6| November 2016| Pages 1409-1423

https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577516012625

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