Figure 1
Schematic diagram of ROS production by water radiolysis after the nonhomogeneous chemical stage (10−12–10−6 s) in the presence of proton-irradiated mid-/high-Z NPs at the time of detection with fluorescent probes. Energy transfer paths via IV and V indicate derivation of hydroxyl radicals from primary X-rays and fluorescent photoelectric nanoradiator (PNR)-mediated X-rays, whereas the others show generation of superoxide radicals from PNR-mediated low-energy electrons (II) and radiolysis by X-rays (I, III). |