Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m1593-m1594 [ doi:10.1107/S1600536808038099 ]
-chlorido-bis{[6-methoxy-2-(4-methylphenyliminiomethyl)phenolato-
2O,O']cadmium(II)}]-di-
2-thiocyanato-
2N:S;
2S:N]The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Cd2Cl2(NCS)2(C15H15NO2)2]n, contains the Schiff base 2-[(4-methylphenylimino)methyl]-6-methoxyphenol (HL) ligand, one thiocyanate and one chloride ligand coordinated to a cadmium centre. The cadmium centers are linked to each other via two thiocyanate and two chloride bridges alternately, resulting in centrosymmetric zigzag chains running parallel to the a axis. The CdII coordination environment contains two Cl atoms, one thiocyanate (SCN) S atom, one isothiocyanate (NCS) N atom and two O atoms from the HL ligand. The Schiff base ligand is in the trans conformation.
First, the ligand was prepared by the direct solid-phase reaction of o-vanillin (10 mmol, 1.5251 g) and p-toluidine (10 mmol, 1.0700 g). The reactants were ground in an agate mortar. The color of the mixture changed from light yellow to orange. Then, for the preparation of the complex, a solution of CdCl2. 2.5H2O (1 mmol, 0.2931 g) and KSCN (0.1945 g, 2 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) was added to a methanol (30 ml) solution of the Schiff base ligand (2 mmol, 0.4826 g). Yellow crystals were obtained after 10 days.
The H atoms bonded to C and N atoms were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model [aromatic C—H=0.93 Å, aliphatic C—H = 0.97 (2) Å, N—H=0.86 Å, Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C,N)].
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2006); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).
| [Cd2Cl2(NCS)2(C15H15NO2)2] | Z = 2 |
| Mr = 447.23 | F(000) = 444 |
| Triclinic, P1 | Dx = 1.717 Mg m−3 |
| Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
| a = 9.0485 (2) Å | Cell parameters from 4749 reflections |
| b = 9.7321 (2) Å | θ = 2.1–27.4° |
| c = 10.6676 (3) Å | µ = 1.55 mm−1 |
| α = 71.518 (2)° | T = 296 K |
| β = 77.444 (2)° | Block, red |
| γ = 80.732 (2)° | 0.27 × 0.11 × 0.08 mm |
| V = 865.32 (4) Å3 |
| Bruker APEXII diffractometer | 3940 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 3225 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
| graphite | Rint = 0.029 |
| ω scans | θmax = 27.4°, θmin = 2.1° |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | h = −11→11 |
| Tmin = 0.82, Tmax = 0.882 | k = −12→12 |
| 13032 measured reflections | l = −13→13 |
| Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.032 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
| wR(F2) = 0.081 | H-atom parameters constrained |
| S = 1.01 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0453P)2 + 0.1806P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
| 3940 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
| 208 parameters | Δρmax = 0.54 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.52 e Å−3 |
| [Cd2Cl2(NCS)2(C15H15NO2)2] | γ = 80.732 (2)° |
| Mr = 447.23 | V = 865.32 (4) Å3 |
| Triclinic, P1 | Z = 2 |
| a = 9.0485 (2) Å | Mo Kα radiation |
| b = 9.7321 (2) Å | µ = 1.55 mm−1 |
| c = 10.6676 (3) Å | T = 296 K |
| α = 71.518 (2)° | 0.27 × 0.11 × 0.08 mm |
| β = 77.444 (2)° |
| Bruker APEXII diffractometer | 3225 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | Rint = 0.029 |
| Tmin = 0.82, Tmax = 0.882 | θmax = 27.4° |
| 13032 measured reflections | Standard reflections: none |
| 3940 independent reflections |
| R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.032 | H-atom parameters constrained |
| wR(F2) = 0.081 | Δρmax = 0.54 e Å−3 |
| S = 1.01 | Δρmin = −0.52 e Å−3 |
| 3940 reflections | Absolute structure: ? |
| 208 parameters | Flack parameter: ? |
| 0 restraints | Rogers parameter: ? |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
| x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
| Cd1 | 0.16960 (2) | 0.06238 (2) | 0.54427 (2) | 0.04022 (10) | |
| Cl1 | 0.05869 (9) | 0.10606 (10) | 0.33628 (8) | 0.0508 (2) | |
| O1 | −0.0129 (2) | 0.2707 (2) | 0.5970 (2) | 0.0479 (5) | |
| N1 | 0.2771 (3) | −0.0247 (3) | 0.9681 (2) | 0.0380 (5) | |
| H1D | 0.2767 | −0.0267 | 0.8882 | 0.046* | |
| C1 | 0.6806 (5) | −0.4746 (4) | 1.2474 (5) | 0.0786 (13) | |
| H1A | 0.6777 | −0.4648 | 1.3347 | 0.118* | |
| H1B | 0.7825 | −0.4685 | 1.1977 | 0.118* | |
| H1C | 0.6482 | −0.5672 | 1.2569 | 0.118* | |
| S1 | 0.64223 (10) | −0.27344 (10) | 0.58734 (12) | 0.0690 (3) | |
| O2 | 0.1735 (2) | 0.0798 (2) | 0.7460 (2) | 0.0448 (5) | |
| C2 | 0.5752 (4) | −0.3537 (4) | 1.1732 (4) | 0.0549 (9) | |
| N2 | 0.3597 (3) | −0.1180 (3) | 0.5586 (3) | 0.0555 (7) | |
| C3 | 0.4944 (4) | −0.2504 (4) | 1.2320 (4) | 0.0538 (9) | |
| H3A | 0.5066 | −0.2555 | 1.3178 | 0.065* | |
| C4 | 0.3960 (4) | −0.1396 (4) | 1.1679 (3) | 0.0472 (8) | |
| H4A | 0.3428 | −0.0712 | 1.2097 | 0.057* | |
| C5 | 0.3782 (3) | −0.1326 (3) | 1.0407 (3) | 0.0385 (7) | |
| C6 | 0.4605 (4) | −0.2321 (4) | 0.9780 (4) | 0.0541 (9) | |
| H6A | 0.4510 | −0.2254 | 0.8911 | 0.065* | |
| C7 | 0.5572 (4) | −0.3416 (4) | 1.0452 (4) | 0.0645 (10) | |
| H7A | 0.6116 | −0.4091 | 1.0029 | 0.077* | |
| C8 | 0.1852 (3) | 0.0767 (3) | 1.0080 (3) | 0.0405 (7) | |
| H8A | 0.1835 | 0.0824 | 1.0937 | 0.049* | |
| C9 | 0.0880 (3) | 0.1784 (3) | 0.9282 (3) | 0.0373 (6) | |
| C10 | −0.0067 (4) | 0.2857 (4) | 0.9810 (3) | 0.0543 (9) | |
| H10A | −0.0047 | 0.2876 | 1.0673 | 0.065* | |
| C11 | −0.0998 (4) | 0.3851 (4) | 0.9058 (4) | 0.0604 (10) | |
| H11A | −0.1604 | 0.4560 | 0.9404 | 0.073* | |
| C12 | −0.1062 (3) | 0.3829 (3) | 0.7766 (3) | 0.0464 (8) | |
| H12A | −0.1718 | 0.4514 | 0.7267 | 0.056* | |
| C13 | −0.0171 (3) | 0.2811 (3) | 0.7232 (3) | 0.0369 (6) | |
| C14 | 0.0858 (3) | 0.1752 (3) | 0.7971 (3) | 0.0334 (6) | |
| C15 | −0.1276 (4) | 0.3549 (4) | 0.5233 (3) | 0.0516 (8) | |
| H15A | −0.1801 | 0.4271 | 0.5654 | 0.077* | |
| H15B | −0.1987 | 0.2921 | 0.5221 | 0.077* | |
| H15C | −0.0812 | 0.4019 | 0.4330 | 0.077* | |
| C16 | 0.4777 (4) | −0.1803 (3) | 0.5696 (3) | 0.0441 (7) |
| U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
| Cd1 | 0.03390 (14) | 0.05451 (16) | 0.03464 (15) | 0.00929 (10) | −0.01210 (9) | −0.01906 (11) |
| Cl1 | 0.0445 (4) | 0.0800 (6) | 0.0284 (4) | −0.0077 (4) | −0.0083 (3) | −0.0144 (4) |
| O1 | 0.0485 (12) | 0.0591 (13) | 0.0372 (12) | 0.0207 (10) | −0.0209 (10) | −0.0196 (10) |
| N1 | 0.0383 (13) | 0.0445 (13) | 0.0308 (14) | 0.0031 (11) | −0.0115 (10) | −0.0104 (11) |
| C1 | 0.056 (2) | 0.062 (2) | 0.100 (3) | −0.0001 (19) | −0.035 (2) | 0.012 (2) |
| S1 | 0.0392 (5) | 0.0516 (5) | 0.0980 (8) | 0.0070 (4) | −0.0190 (5) | 0.0023 (5) |
| O2 | 0.0492 (13) | 0.0502 (12) | 0.0392 (12) | 0.0204 (10) | −0.0211 (10) | −0.0226 (10) |
| C2 | 0.0390 (18) | 0.0470 (19) | 0.068 (3) | −0.0045 (15) | −0.0191 (17) | 0.0037 (17) |
| N2 | 0.0361 (15) | 0.0505 (16) | 0.076 (2) | 0.0055 (13) | −0.0112 (14) | −0.0172 (15) |
| C3 | 0.052 (2) | 0.063 (2) | 0.040 (2) | −0.0058 (17) | −0.0179 (16) | 0.0018 (16) |
| C4 | 0.0464 (18) | 0.0571 (19) | 0.0355 (18) | 0.0009 (15) | −0.0106 (14) | −0.0105 (15) |
| C5 | 0.0341 (15) | 0.0419 (16) | 0.0375 (17) | −0.0010 (12) | −0.0119 (13) | −0.0066 (13) |
| C6 | 0.052 (2) | 0.061 (2) | 0.051 (2) | 0.0156 (16) | −0.0234 (17) | −0.0204 (17) |
| C7 | 0.057 (2) | 0.062 (2) | 0.079 (3) | 0.0174 (18) | −0.025 (2) | −0.030 (2) |
| C8 | 0.0395 (17) | 0.0526 (18) | 0.0284 (16) | −0.0012 (14) | −0.0054 (13) | −0.0125 (13) |
| C9 | 0.0336 (15) | 0.0459 (16) | 0.0314 (16) | 0.0038 (13) | −0.0064 (12) | −0.0132 (13) |
| C10 | 0.056 (2) | 0.069 (2) | 0.0392 (19) | 0.0146 (17) | −0.0108 (16) | −0.0249 (17) |
| C11 | 0.058 (2) | 0.069 (2) | 0.058 (2) | 0.0254 (18) | −0.0117 (18) | −0.0367 (19) |
| C12 | 0.0386 (17) | 0.0500 (18) | 0.0453 (19) | 0.0127 (14) | −0.0117 (14) | −0.0123 (15) |
| C13 | 0.0337 (15) | 0.0425 (16) | 0.0338 (16) | 0.0011 (12) | −0.0088 (12) | −0.0106 (13) |
| C14 | 0.0290 (14) | 0.0377 (15) | 0.0323 (16) | 0.0005 (11) | −0.0056 (11) | −0.0104 (12) |
| C15 | 0.0463 (19) | 0.062 (2) | 0.044 (2) | 0.0107 (16) | −0.0222 (15) | −0.0110 (16) |
| C16 | 0.0392 (17) | 0.0434 (17) | 0.048 (2) | −0.0021 (14) | −0.0039 (14) | −0.0144 (14) |
| Cd1—O2 | 2.2191 (19) | C3—C4 | 1.383 (4) |
| Cd1—N2 | 2.244 (3) | C3—H3A | 0.9300 |
| Cd1—Cl1 | 2.5187 (8) | C4—C5 | 1.381 (4) |
| Cd1—O1 | 2.529 (2) | C4—H4A | 0.9300 |
| Cd1—Cl1i | 2.6833 (9) | C5—C6 | 1.379 (4) |
| Cd1—S1ii | 2.7107 (10) | C6—C7 | 1.380 (5) |
| Cl1—Cd1i | 2.6833 (9) | C6—H6A | 0.9300 |
| O1—C13 | 1.373 (3) | C7—H7A | 0.9300 |
| O1—C15 | 1.428 (4) | C8—C9 | 1.410 (4) |
| N1—C8 | 1.303 (4) | C8—H8A | 0.9300 |
| N1—C5 | 1.421 (4) | C9—C14 | 1.413 (4) |
| N1—H1D | 0.8600 | C9—C10 | 1.420 (4) |
| C1—C2 | 1.515 (5) | C10—C11 | 1.352 (5) |
| C1—H1A | 0.9600 | C10—H10A | 0.9300 |
| C1—H1B | 0.9600 | C11—C12 | 1.400 (5) |
| C1—H1C | 0.9600 | C11—H11A | 0.9300 |
| S1—C16 | 1.629 (3) | C12—C13 | 1.362 (4) |
| S1—Cd1ii | 2.7107 (10) | C12—H12A | 0.9300 |
| O2—C14 | 1.299 (3) | C13—C14 | 1.430 (4) |
| C2—C7 | 1.376 (5) | C15—H15A | 0.9600 |
| C2—C3 | 1.379 (5) | C15—H15B | 0.9600 |
| N2—C16 | 1.150 (4) | C15—H15C | 0.9600 |
| O2—Cd1—N2 | 92.93 (9) | C3—C4—H4A | 120.7 |
| O2—Cd1—Cl1 | 155.30 (6) | C6—C5—C4 | 120.3 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—Cl1 | 110.91 (8) | C6—C5—N1 | 117.0 (3) |
| O2—Cd1—O1 | 67.95 (7) | C4—C5—N1 | 122.7 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—O1 | 160.37 (10) | C5—C6—C7 | 119.4 (3) |
| Cl1—Cd1—O1 | 88.62 (5) | C5—C6—H6A | 120.3 |
| O2—Cd1—Cl1i | 86.93 (6) | C7—C6—H6A | 120.3 |
| N2—Cd1—Cl1i | 96.98 (7) | C2—C7—C6 | 121.8 (3) |
| Cl1—Cd1—Cl1i | 83.92 (3) | C2—C7—H7A | 119.1 |
| O1—Cd1—Cl1i | 86.77 (6) | C6—C7—H7A | 119.1 |
| O2—Cd1—S1ii | 94.23 (6) | N1—C8—C9 | 123.5 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—S1ii | 93.69 (8) | N1—C8—H8A | 118.3 |
| Cl1—Cd1—S1ii | 90.71 (3) | C9—C8—H8A | 118.3 |
| O1—Cd1—S1ii | 83.73 (6) | C8—C9—C14 | 120.8 (2) |
| Cl1i—Cd1—S1ii | 169.20 (3) | C8—C9—C10 | 118.9 (3) |
| Cd1—Cl1—Cd1i | 96.08 (3) | C14—C9—C10 | 120.3 (3) |
| C13—O1—C15 | 118.3 (2) | C11—C10—C9 | 119.9 (3) |
| C13—O1—Cd1 | 113.42 (16) | C11—C10—H10A | 120.0 |
| C15—O1—Cd1 | 126.96 (18) | C9—C10—H10A | 120.0 |
| C8—N1—C5 | 127.9 (3) | C10—C11—C12 | 121.0 (3) |
| C8—N1—H1D | 116.1 | C10—C11—H11A | 119.5 |
| C5—N1—H1D | 116.1 | C12—C11—H11A | 119.5 |
| C2—C1—H1A | 109.5 | C13—C12—C11 | 120.5 (3) |
| C2—C1—H1B | 109.5 | C13—C12—H12A | 119.7 |
| H1A—C1—H1B | 109.5 | C11—C12—H12A | 119.7 |
| C2—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C12—C13—O1 | 125.2 (3) |
| H1A—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C12—C13—C14 | 121.0 (3) |
| H1B—C1—H1C | 109.5 | O1—C13—C14 | 113.9 (2) |
| C16—S1—Cd1ii | 100.35 (12) | O2—C14—C9 | 121.3 (3) |
| C14—O2—Cd1 | 123.29 (18) | O2—C14—C13 | 121.4 (3) |
| C7—C2—C3 | 117.5 (3) | C9—C14—C13 | 117.3 (2) |
| C7—C2—C1 | 121.8 (4) | O1—C15—H15A | 109.5 |
| C3—C2—C1 | 120.7 (4) | O1—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
| C16—N2—Cd1 | 160.6 (3) | H15A—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
| C2—C3—C4 | 122.3 (3) | O1—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C2—C3—H3A | 118.8 | H15A—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C4—C3—H3A | 118.8 | H15B—C15—H15C | 109.5 |
| C5—C4—C3 | 118.6 (3) | N2—C16—S1 | 178.1 (3) |
| C5—C4—H4A | 120.7 | ||
| O2—Cd1—Cl1—Cd1i | −68.87 (15) | C8—N1—C5—C6 | 177.7 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—Cl1—Cd1i | 95.17 (8) | C8—N1—C5—C4 | −2.6 (5) |
| O1—Cd1—Cl1—Cd1i | −86.90 (6) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | 2.1 (5) |
| Cl1i—Cd1—Cl1—Cd1i | 0.0 | N1—C5—C6—C7 | −178.2 (3) |
| S1ii—Cd1—Cl1—Cd1i | −170.61 (3) | C3—C2—C7—C6 | −0.9 (6) |
| O2—Cd1—O1—C13 | −2.23 (18) | C1—C2—C7—C6 | 179.6 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—O1—C13 | −16.0 (4) | C5—C6—C7—C2 | −0.7 (6) |
| Cl1—Cd1—O1—C13 | 169.75 (19) | C5—N1—C8—C9 | −179.5 (3) |
| Cl1i—Cd1—O1—C13 | 85.76 (19) | N1—C8—C9—C14 | −0.1 (5) |
| S1ii—Cd1—O1—C13 | −99.38 (19) | N1—C8—C9—C10 | −179.3 (3) |
| O2—Cd1—O1—C15 | −169.0 (3) | C8—C9—C10—C11 | 179.4 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—O1—C15 | 177.2 (3) | C14—C9—C10—C11 | 0.2 (5) |
| Cl1—Cd1—O1—C15 | 3.0 (2) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | 1.0 (6) |
| Cl1i—Cd1—O1—C15 | −81.0 (2) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | −0.8 (6) |
| S1ii—Cd1—O1—C15 | 93.8 (2) | C11—C12—C13—O1 | −178.9 (3) |
| N2—Cd1—O2—C14 | 177.8 (2) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −0.6 (5) |
| Cl1—Cd1—O2—C14 | −17.1 (3) | C15—O1—C13—C12 | −11.6 (5) |
| O1—Cd1—O2—C14 | 2.4 (2) | Cd1—O1—C13—C12 | −179.6 (3) |
| Cl1i—Cd1—O2—C14 | −85.3 (2) | C15—O1—C13—C14 | 169.9 (3) |
| S1ii—Cd1—O2—C14 | 83.9 (2) | Cd1—O1—C13—C14 | 1.9 (3) |
| O2—Cd1—N2—C16 | −59.5 (9) | Cd1—O2—C14—C9 | 177.4 (2) |
| Cl1—Cd1—N2—C16 | 127.1 (9) | Cd1—O2—C14—C13 | −2.4 (4) |
| O1—Cd1—N2—C16 | −46.8 (10) | C8—C9—C14—O2 | −0.5 (4) |
| Cl1i—Cd1—N2—C16 | −146.8 (9) | C10—C9—C14—O2 | 178.7 (3) |
| S1ii—Cd1—N2—C16 | 34.9 (9) | C8—C9—C14—C13 | 179.3 (3) |
| C7—C2—C3—C4 | 1.3 (5) | C10—C9—C14—C13 | −1.4 (4) |
| C1—C2—C3—C4 | −179.2 (3) | C12—C13—C14—O2 | −178.5 (3) |
| C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.1 (5) | O1—C13—C14—O2 | 0.0 (4) |
| C3—C4—C5—C6 | −1.8 (5) | C12—C13—C14—C9 | 1.7 (4) |
| C3—C4—C5—N1 | 178.5 (3) | O1—C13—C14—C9 | −179.8 (3) |
| Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y, −z+1; (ii) −x+1, −y, −z+1. |
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salen-type Schiff bases are capable of forming complexes with different coordination modes, with certain metal ions. Some of these compounds have promising applications in catalysis, enzyme models and optical and magnetic materials (Sen et al., 2006). In addition, the unusual coordination modes of Schiff base ligands leads to unusual structures of the complexes. In previous articles (Zhou & Zhao, 2007; Yu et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2007), we reported the synthesis and the ligating properties of the title Schiff base ligand, HL, derived from the condensation of o-vanillin and p-toluidine, to several transition and rare earth metals with different anions. In addition, many coordination polymers of one-, two-, and three-dimensional infinite frameworks involving cadmium(II) ions have been synthesized and studied due to their potential applications (Mondal et al., 1999). Coordination polymers of cadmium(II) have been exploited using anionic ligands, e.g., Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, N3-, SeCN-, etc., which are also an essential part of the coordination polyhedron, besides the organic ligand (Yi et al., 2004). Here we decribe the synthesis and crystal structure of a new cadmium(II) complex (Figure 1), [Cd(HL)(SCN)Cl]n, involving the Schiff base HL.
As shown in Fig. 1 and 2, each CdII atom is hexacoordinated by two Cl atoms, one thiocyanate S atom, one isothiocyanate N atom and two O atoms from the Schiff base ligand, HL. The HL ligand is in the trans conformation. The geometry around the CdII atom is a distorted octahedron. Neighbouring octahedral Cd centres are bridged by, alternately, the SCN and NCS ligands and two Cl ligands to form alternating eight-membered Cd—S—C—N—Cd—S—C—N– and four-membered Cd—Cl—Cd—Cl- rings. These chains run parallel to the a axis. The Cd—SSCN bond length is longer than the Cd—NNCS distance [2.7096 (11) versus 2.2484 (26) Å], which, together with the bond angles, are similar to related compounds in the literatures (Suh et al., 2007; Ding et al., 2006).