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![[Figure 1]](ih5006fig1mag.jpg)
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Figure 1
The use of electron microscopy to visualize ciliary axonemes. (a) Resin-embedded, thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the 9 + 2 architecture of many axonemes, in which nine doublet microtubules (DMT) encircle a central apparatus (CA) of two singlet microtubules. (b) Thin-section TEM also revealed periodic projections from both the CA and DMT. These images were obtained from https://commons.wikimedia.org. (c) Cryo-ET and subtomogram averaging of axonemes revealed the architecture of the 96 nm repeat unit of the DMT, providing the location and shape of many axonemal complexes including outer dynein arms (ODAs), inner dynein arms (IDAs), radial spokes (RS), the nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) and the tether/tetherhead (T/TH) complex. EMDB entry EMD-2115 is shown colored by complex (Bui et al., 2012  ). (d) Single-particle analysis cryo-EM of splayed axonemes from C. reinhardtii allowed an atomic model of the 96 nm repeat to be built (PDB entry 8glv; Walton et al., 2023). |
![[Figure 1]](ih5006fig1.jpg)
 | STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY |
ISSN: 2059-7983
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