organic compounds
(2Z)-4-[(2-Hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]prop-2-enoic acid
aDepartment of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, and bDepartment of Physics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
*Correspondence e-mail: dmntahir_uos@yahoo.com
In the title compound, C10H9NO4, the 2-hydroxyanilinic and the 4-oxobut-2-enoic acid groups are almost planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0086 and 0.0262 Å, respectively. The dihedral angle between the two groups is 6.65 (1)°. Intramolecular N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form S(5), S(6) and S(7) ring motifs. In the crystal, the molecules are dimerized due to C—H⋯O and O—H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds, with R22(8) ring motifs. The dimers are interlinked into polymeric chains along [010] with R43(13) ring motifs by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Related literature
For background and a related structure, see: Shah et al. (2008). For graph-set notation, see: Bernstein et al. (1995).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999) and PLATON.
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810045496/bq2250sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810045496/bq2250Isup2.hkl
2-Hydroxyaniline (10.9 g, 0.1 mol) was dissolved in 30 ml of glacial acetic acid. A solution of Maleic anhydride (9.8 g, 0.1 mol) in 50 ml glacial acetic acid was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. The precipitate which appeared were filtered, washed with distilled water and dried at 313–315 K. The acid was recrystallized from acetone to get yellow prisms of title compound. (Yield: 85%, m.p. 415 K)
The H-atoms were positioned geometrically with (O—H = 0.82, N—H = 0.86, C–H = 0.93 Å) and were included in the
in the riding model approximation, with Uiso(H) = xUeq(C, N, O), where x = 1.2 for all H-atoms.We reported the
of (II) i.e., 4-[(2-Fluorophenyl)amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid (Shah et al., 2008), previously. The title compound (I, Fig. 1), has been prepared in continuation to synthesize substituted oxobutanoic acids.In (I), the 2-hydroxyanilinic group (C1—C6/O1/N1) and the other part i.e., 4-oxobut-2-enoic acid (C7—C10/O2/O3/O4) are planar with r.m.s. deviation of 0.0086 Å and 0.0262 Å, respectively. The dihedral angle between two groups is 6.65 (1)°. The intramolecular H-bondings of N—H···O, C—H···O and O—H···O types (Table 1, Fig. 1) complete S(5), S(6) and S(7) ring motifs (Bernstein et al., 1995). Generally, the
are dimerized through O—H···O bonds with R22(8) ring motifs but the molecules of (I) are dimerized in a different way. The molecules of (I) are dimerized due to C—H···O and O—H···O intermolecular H-bondings with R22(8) ring motifs (Table 1, Fig. 2). In these dimers the donor and accepter groups are from separate molecules. This change has been occurred due to the attachment of hydroxy group at the position-2 of benzene ring and the presence of carbonyl group. The dimers are interlinked in the form of polymeric chains extending along the crystallographic b-axis i.e., along [010] with R43(13) ring motifs due to C—H···O, N—H···O and O—H···O tyeps of H-bondings (Table 1, Fig. 2).For related background and a related structure, see: Shah et al. (2008). For graph-set notation, see: Bernstein et al. (1995).
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).C10H9NO4 | F(000) = 432 |
Mr = 207.18 | Dx = 1.477 Mg m−3 |
Orthorhombic, P212121 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: P 2ac 2ab | Cell parameters from 944 reflections |
a = 6.7873 (3) Å | θ = 3.2–25.2° |
b = 10.6855 (4) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
c = 12.8442 (4) Å | T = 296 K |
V = 931.54 (6) Å3 | Prism, yellow |
Z = 4 | 0.32 × 0.25 × 0.24 mm |
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 997 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 944 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.015 |
Detector resolution: 8.2 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.2°, θmin = 3.2° |
ω scans | h = −7→8 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) | k = −12→12 |
Tmin = 0.968, Tmax = 0.978 | l = −15→14 |
4118 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.030 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.082 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.09 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.050P)2 + 0.1393P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
997 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
138 parameters | Δρmax = 0.17 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
C10H9NO4 | V = 931.54 (6) Å3 |
Mr = 207.18 | Z = 4 |
Orthorhombic, P212121 | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 6.7873 (3) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
b = 10.6855 (4) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 12.8442 (4) Å | 0.32 × 0.25 × 0.24 mm |
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 997 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) | 944 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.968, Tmax = 0.978 | Rint = 0.015 |
4118 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.030 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.082 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.09 | Δρmax = 0.17 e Å−3 |
997 reflections | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
138 parameters |
Geometry. Bond distances, angles etc. have been calculated using the rounded fractional coordinates. All su's are estimated from the variances of the (full) variance-covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account in the estimation of distances, angles and torsion angles |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 0.0644 (3) | −0.02680 (12) | 0.57792 (9) | 0.0460 (5) | |
O2 | 0.0945 (3) | 0.39908 (12) | 0.45571 (10) | 0.0498 (5) | |
O3 | 0.0839 (4) | 0.62508 (12) | 0.50201 (11) | 0.0565 (6) | |
O4 | 0.0659 (3) | 0.73178 (12) | 0.64703 (12) | 0.0519 (5) | |
N1 | 0.0940 (3) | 0.21180 (13) | 0.53692 (11) | 0.0339 (4) | |
C1 | 0.0933 (3) | 0.12928 (16) | 0.45057 (14) | 0.0311 (5) | |
C2 | 0.0788 (3) | 0.00188 (16) | 0.47494 (13) | 0.0333 (5) | |
C3 | 0.0808 (3) | −0.08600 (17) | 0.39600 (15) | 0.0397 (6) | |
C4 | 0.0939 (4) | −0.04766 (19) | 0.29330 (16) | 0.0416 (6) | |
C5 | 0.1054 (3) | 0.07754 (19) | 0.26907 (14) | 0.0403 (6) | |
C6 | 0.1071 (3) | 0.16658 (18) | 0.34720 (14) | 0.0358 (5) | |
C7 | 0.0946 (3) | 0.33779 (16) | 0.53732 (14) | 0.0312 (5) | |
C8 | 0.0967 (3) | 0.39436 (16) | 0.64192 (14) | 0.0341 (5) | |
C9 | 0.0918 (3) | 0.51549 (17) | 0.66740 (14) | 0.0366 (5) | |
C10 | 0.0796 (3) | 0.63080 (16) | 0.60326 (15) | 0.0384 (6) | |
H1 | 0.09395 | 0.17669 | 0.59717 | 0.0407* | |
H1A | 0.06683 | −0.10302 | 0.58522 | 0.0552* | |
H3 | 0.07345 | −0.17079 | 0.41187 | 0.0476* | |
H3A | 0.09210 | 0.55176 | 0.48367 | 0.0677* | |
H4 | 0.09499 | −0.10695 | 0.24030 | 0.0499* | |
H5 | 0.11194 | 0.10243 | 0.19978 | 0.0483* | |
H6 | 0.11753 | 0.25104 | 0.33063 | 0.0430* | |
H8 | 0.10215 | 0.33850 | 0.69736 | 0.0409* | |
H9 | 0.09700 | 0.53039 | 0.73868 | 0.0439* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0805 (11) | 0.0226 (6) | 0.0350 (7) | 0.0016 (8) | −0.0057 (7) | 0.0025 (5) |
O2 | 0.0934 (12) | 0.0237 (6) | 0.0322 (7) | 0.0007 (8) | −0.0019 (10) | 0.0017 (5) |
O3 | 0.1077 (14) | 0.0221 (7) | 0.0396 (8) | 0.0033 (10) | −0.0012 (10) | 0.0015 (5) |
O4 | 0.0801 (11) | 0.0239 (6) | 0.0518 (9) | −0.0005 (8) | −0.0008 (9) | −0.0067 (6) |
N1 | 0.0494 (9) | 0.0225 (7) | 0.0299 (7) | 0.0008 (8) | −0.0004 (9) | 0.0006 (5) |
C1 | 0.0335 (9) | 0.0249 (9) | 0.0350 (9) | 0.0011 (8) | −0.0023 (10) | −0.0039 (7) |
C2 | 0.0402 (9) | 0.0262 (9) | 0.0335 (9) | 0.0014 (9) | −0.0038 (9) | 0.0005 (7) |
C3 | 0.0480 (11) | 0.0256 (9) | 0.0455 (11) | −0.0017 (10) | −0.0046 (11) | −0.0065 (8) |
C4 | 0.0467 (12) | 0.0376 (10) | 0.0404 (10) | −0.0027 (10) | −0.0003 (10) | −0.0120 (8) |
C5 | 0.0449 (12) | 0.0440 (11) | 0.0319 (9) | −0.0015 (11) | −0.0008 (10) | −0.0026 (8) |
C6 | 0.0426 (10) | 0.0302 (9) | 0.0347 (9) | 0.0011 (9) | 0.0009 (10) | 0.0018 (8) |
C7 | 0.0374 (9) | 0.0213 (8) | 0.0348 (9) | 0.0002 (8) | −0.0006 (10) | 0.0014 (7) |
C8 | 0.0446 (11) | 0.0257 (8) | 0.0319 (9) | −0.0006 (10) | 0.0016 (10) | 0.0040 (7) |
C9 | 0.0466 (10) | 0.0314 (9) | 0.0318 (9) | −0.0016 (10) | 0.0028 (10) | −0.0031 (7) |
C10 | 0.0481 (12) | 0.0245 (9) | 0.0427 (10) | −0.0014 (10) | −0.0009 (11) | −0.0025 (8) |
O1—C2 | 1.361 (2) | C3—C4 | 1.384 (3) |
O2—C7 | 1.236 (2) | C4—C5 | 1.376 (3) |
O3—C10 | 1.302 (2) | C5—C6 | 1.383 (3) |
O4—C10 | 1.220 (2) | C7—C8 | 1.473 (3) |
O1—H1A | 0.8200 | C8—C9 | 1.336 (2) |
O3—H3A | 0.8200 | C9—C10 | 1.485 (3) |
N1—C1 | 1.417 (2) | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
N1—C7 | 1.346 (2) | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
N1—H1 | 0.8600 | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
C1—C2 | 1.400 (2) | C6—H6 | 0.9300 |
C1—C6 | 1.389 (3) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
C2—C3 | 1.382 (3) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
O1···O4i | 2.7282 (18) | C7···C1viii | 3.424 (3) |
O1···N1 | 2.6111 (19) | C8···C6ix | 3.528 (3) |
O1···C5ii | 3.368 (3) | C8···C1ix | 3.583 (3) |
O2···C10 | 3.120 (2) | C8···C6viii | 3.389 (3) |
O2···C6 | 2.850 (2) | C8···C5viii | 3.538 (3) |
O2···O3 | 2.4881 (18) | C8···O4vi | 3.404 (2) |
O3···O2 | 2.4881 (18) | C9···C5viii | 3.543 (3) |
O3···C3iii | 3.374 (2) | C9···C4viii | 3.434 (3) |
O3···C7 | 3.104 (2) | C9···C4ix | 3.462 (3) |
O4···C8iv | 3.404 (2) | C9···C3ix | 3.500 (3) |
O4···C5v | 3.404 (3) | C10···C3viii | 3.419 (3) |
O4···O1iii | 2.7282 (18) | C10···O2 | 3.120 (2) |
O1···H1 | 2.2000 | C10···C3ix | 3.435 (3) |
O1···H5ii | 2.8200 | C4···H6xii | 3.0400 |
O1···H9vi | 2.6700 | C6···H4vii | 3.0000 |
O2···H6 | 2.2600 | C7···H3A | 2.3900 |
O2···H4vii | 2.8300 | C7···H6 | 2.8200 |
O2···H3A | 1.6700 | C8···H3A | 2.6400 |
O3···H3iii | 2.4700 | C10···H1Aiii | 2.8600 |
O4···H5v | 2.8900 | H1···O1 | 2.2000 |
O4···H1Aiii | 1.9400 | H1···H8 | 2.1600 |
O4···H8iv | 2.5700 | H1A···O4i | 1.9400 |
N1···O1 | 2.6111 (19) | H1A···C10i | 2.8600 |
C1···C7viii | 3.407 (3) | H1A···H3 | 2.3400 |
C1···C7ix | 3.424 (3) | H3···O3i | 2.4700 |
C1···C8viii | 3.583 (3) | H3···H1A | 2.3400 |
C3···O3i | 3.374 (2) | H3A···O2 | 1.6700 |
C3···C9viii | 3.500 (3) | H3A···C7 | 2.3900 |
C3···C10viii | 3.435 (3) | H3A···C8 | 2.6400 |
C3···C10ix | 3.419 (3) | H4···O2xii | 2.8300 |
C4···C9viii | 3.462 (3) | H4···C6xii | 3.0000 |
C4···C9ix | 3.434 (3) | H4···H6xii | 2.2800 |
C5···C8ix | 3.538 (3) | H5···O1x | 2.8200 |
C5···O1x | 3.368 (3) | H5···O4xi | 2.8900 |
C5···O4xi | 3.404 (3) | H6···O2 | 2.2600 |
C5···C9ix | 3.543 (3) | H6···C7 | 2.8200 |
C6···C8ix | 3.389 (3) | H6···C4vii | 3.0400 |
C6···O2 | 2.850 (2) | H6···H4vii | 2.2800 |
C6···C8viii | 3.528 (3) | H8···H1 | 2.1600 |
C7···C1ix | 3.407 (3) | H8···O4vi | 2.5700 |
C7···O3 | 3.104 (2) | H9···O1iv | 2.6700 |
C2—O1—H1A | 109.00 | C7—C8—C9 | 128.38 (17) |
C10—O3—H3A | 109.00 | C8—C9—C10 | 132.05 (17) |
C1—N1—C7 | 128.71 (15) | O3—C10—C9 | 120.93 (15) |
C1—N1—H1 | 116.00 | O4—C10—C9 | 118.85 (17) |
C7—N1—H1 | 116.00 | O3—C10—O4 | 120.22 (17) |
N1—C1—C6 | 124.70 (16) | C2—C3—H3 | 120.00 |
C2—C1—C6 | 119.82 (16) | C4—C3—H3 | 120.00 |
N1—C1—C2 | 115.48 (15) | C3—C4—H4 | 120.00 |
C1—C2—C3 | 119.73 (16) | C5—C4—H4 | 120.00 |
O1—C2—C1 | 116.18 (15) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.00 |
O1—C2—C3 | 124.10 (16) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.00 |
C2—C3—C4 | 119.91 (17) | C1—C6—H6 | 120.00 |
C3—C4—C5 | 120.47 (18) | C5—C6—H6 | 120.00 |
C4—C5—C6 | 120.35 (17) | C7—C8—H8 | 116.00 |
C1—C6—C5 | 119.70 (17) | C9—C8—H8 | 116.00 |
O2—C7—N1 | 121.78 (16) | C8—C9—H9 | 114.00 |
O2—C7—C8 | 123.78 (16) | C10—C9—H9 | 114.00 |
N1—C7—C8 | 114.44 (15) | ||
C7—N1—C1—C2 | −175.7 (2) | O1—C2—C3—C4 | 179.3 (2) |
C7—N1—C1—C6 | 4.8 (4) | C1—C2—C3—C4 | −1.0 (3) |
C1—N1—C7—O2 | 0.0 (4) | C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.1 (4) |
C1—N1—C7—C8 | −179.6 (2) | C3—C4—C5—C6 | 1.0 (4) |
N1—C1—C2—O1 | 0.9 (3) | C4—C5—C6—C1 | −1.2 (3) |
N1—C1—C2—C3 | −178.76 (19) | O2—C7—C8—C9 | 2.6 (4) |
C6—C1—C2—O1 | −179.54 (19) | N1—C7—C8—C9 | −177.8 (2) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | 0.8 (3) | C7—C8—C9—C10 | 1.2 (4) |
N1—C1—C6—C5 | 179.9 (2) | C8—C9—C10—O3 | −4.4 (4) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | 0.3 (3) | C8—C9—C10—O4 | 175.8 (2) |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) −x+1/2, −y, z+1/2; (iii) x, y+1, z; (iv) −x, y+1/2, −z+3/2; (v) −x+1/2, −y+1, z+1/2; (vi) −x, y−1/2, −z+3/2; (vii) −x, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (viii) x−1/2, −y+1/2, −z+1; (ix) x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z+1; (x) −x+1/2, −y, z−1/2; (xi) −x+1/2, −y+1, z−1/2; (xii) −x, y−1/2, −z+1/2. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 2.6111 (19) | 109 |
O1—H1A···O4i | 0.82 | 1.94 | 2.7282 (18) | 162 |
O3—H3A···O2 | 0.82 | 1.67 | 2.4881 (18) | 175 |
C3—H3···O3i | 0.93 | 2.47 | 3.374 (2) | 164 |
C6—H6···O2 | 0.93 | 2.26 | 2.850 (2) | 121 |
C8—H8···O4vi | 0.93 | 2.57 | 3.404 (2) | 150 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (vi) −x, y−1/2, −z+3/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C10H9NO4 |
Mr | 207.18 |
Crystal system, space group | Orthorhombic, P212121 |
Temperature (K) | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 6.7873 (3), 10.6855 (4), 12.8442 (4) |
V (Å3) | 931.54 (6) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.12 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.32 × 0.25 × 0.24 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.968, 0.978 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 4118, 997, 944 |
Rint | 0.015 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.600 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.030, 0.082, 1.09 |
No. of reflections | 997 |
No. of parameters | 138 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.17, −0.18 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009), SAINT (Bruker, 2009), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009), WinGX (Farrugia, 1999) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 2.6111 (19) | 109 |
O1—H1A···O4i | 0.82 | 1.94 | 2.7282 (18) | 162 |
O3—H3A···O2 | 0.82 | 1.67 | 2.4881 (18) | 175 |
C3—H3···O3i | 0.93 | 2.47 | 3.374 (2) | 164 |
C6—H6···O2 | 0.93 | 2.26 | 2.850 (2) | 121 |
C8—H8···O4ii | 0.93 | 2.57 | 3.404 (2) | 150 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) −x, y−1/2, −z+3/2. |
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the provision of funds for the purchase of the diffractometer and encouragement by Dr Muhammad Akram Chaudhary, Vice Chancellor, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
References
Bernstein, J., Davis, R. E., Shimoni, L. & Chang, N.-L. (1995). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 1555–1573. CrossRef CAS Web of Science Google Scholar
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We reported the crystal structure of (II) i.e., 4-[(2-Fluorophenyl)amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid (Shah et al., 2008), previously. The title compound (I, Fig. 1), has been prepared in continuation to synthesize substituted oxobutanoic acids.
In (I), the 2-hydroxyanilinic group (C1—C6/O1/N1) and the other part i.e., 4-oxobut-2-enoic acid (C7—C10/O2/O3/O4) are planar with r.m.s. deviation of 0.0086 Å and 0.0262 Å, respectively. The dihedral angle between two groups is 6.65 (1)°. The intramolecular H-bondings of N—H···O, C—H···O and O—H···O types (Table 1, Fig. 1) complete S(5), S(6) and S(7) ring motifs (Bernstein et al., 1995). Generally, the carboxylic acids are dimerized through O—H···O bonds with R22(8) ring motifs but the molecules of (I) are dimerized in a different way. The molecules of (I) are dimerized due to C—H···O and O—H···O intermolecular H-bondings with R22(8) ring motifs (Table 1, Fig. 2). In these dimers the donor and accepter groups are from separate molecules. This change has been occurred due to the attachment of hydroxy group at the position-2 of benzene ring and the presence of carbonyl group. The dimers are interlinked in the form of polymeric chains extending along the crystallographic b-axis i.e., along [010] with R43(13) ring motifs due to C—H···O, N—H···O and O—H···O tyeps of H-bondings (Table 1, Fig. 2).