organic compounds
2-Hydroxy-5-[(E)-(1H-indol-3-ylmethylidene)azaniumyl]benzoate
aDepartment of Physics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, and bDepartment of Chemistry, Govt. M. D. College, Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan
*Correspondence e-mail: dmntahir_uos@yahoo.com
The zwitterionic title compound, C16H12N2O3, was obtained as a result of the condensation of 5-aminosalicylic acid and 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde. The whole molecule is roughly planar: the 4-hydroxyanilinic group and the 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde moieties are only slightly twisted, making a dihedral angle of 7.77 (11)°, whereas, the carboxylate group makes a dihedral angle of 3.34 (45)° with the parent 4-hydroxyanilinic group. S(6) ring motifs are formed due to intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds build up pseudo-rings with R12(4), R21(7) and R22(14) ring motifs. These pseudo-dimers are further linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a chain extending along [101]. C—H⋯π interactions also occur, along with offset π–π interactions between the anilinic phenyl and the heterocyclic five-membered rings with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.5716 (19) Å.
Related literature
For background to our ongoing work on the synthesis and ligand properties of et al. (2010a,b). For graph-set notation, see: Bernstein et al. (1995); Etter (1990).
derived from 2-hydroxy-5-aminobenzoic acid, see: TahirExperimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999) and PLATON.
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810048579/dn2627sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810048579/dn2627Isup2.hkl
Equimolar quantities of 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde and and 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid were refluxed in methanol along with few drops of acetic acid as catalyst for 30 min resulting in orange yellow solution. The solution was kept at room temperature which affoarded orange needles after five days.
The H-atoms were positioned geometrically (O–H = 0.82, N–H = 0.86, C–H = 0.93 Å) and were included in the
in the riding model approximation, with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C, N, O).As a part of our on going project related to synthesize various
of 2-hydroxy-5-aminobenzoic acid and then their metal complexation (Tahir et al., 2010a,b), we report here the title compound (I).The title compound (I) is Zwitterion similar to 2-hydroxy-5-{[(E)-4-methoxybenzylidene]azaniumyl}benzoate (Tahir et al., 2010b). In (I), the group A (C2—C7/N1/O3) of 5-aminosalicylic acid moiety and the 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde moiety B (C8—C15/N2) are almost planar with r. m. s. deviations of 0.0258 and 0.0175 Å, respectively (Fig. 1). The dihedral angle between A/B is 7.77 (11)°. The carboxylate group C (O1/C1/O2) is oriented at a dihedral angle of 3.34 (45)° with the parent group A. The observed values of C═N and C═O are 1.298 (5) and 1.254 (4) Å, respectively compared to 1.291 (2) and 1.242 (2) Å observed in related compound (Tahir et al., 2010b).
In the title compound S(6) ring motif (Etter, 1990; Bernstein et al., 1995), is formed due to intramolecular H-bonding of O—H···O type (Table 1, Fig. 1). The N—H···O type of H-bondings build up a pseudo dimer with R22(14) ring motifs (Table 1, Fig. 2). The C—H···O and N—H···O types of H-bondings (Table 2) complete R12(4) and R21(7) ring motifs (Table 1, Fig. 2). The pseudo dimers are interlinked due to H-bonding of N—H···O type (Table 1, Fig. 2) resulting in dimensional polymeric chains extending along the crystallographic [1 0 1] axis. A C—H···π (Table 1) and offset π–π interaction between the benzene ring (C2—C7) of anilinic and heterocyclic five membered (N2/C15/C10/C9/C16) groups at a distance of 3.5716 (19) Å, with plane to plane distance of 3.25 and 3.41 Å and mean offset angle of 20.9°, play important role in stabilizing the molecules.
For background to our ongoing project to synthesize various
of2-hydroxy-5-aminobenzoic acid and then their metal complexation and for related crystal structures, see: Tahir et al. (2010a,b). For graph-set notation, see: Bernstein et al. (1995); Etter (1990).
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).Fig. 1. View of the title compound with the atom numbering scheme. The thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. H-atoms are shown by small circles of arbitrary radii. The dotted line represent the intramolecular H-bonding. | |
Fig. 2. Partial packing view showing the formation of dimers through different ring motifs and infinite one dimensional polymeric chains. [Symmetry codes: (i) -x+2, -y, -z; (ii) x-1, y, z-1] |
C16H12N2O3 | F(000) = 584 |
Mr = 280.28 | Dx = 1.461 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Cell parameters from 1169 reflections |
a = 7.3463 (6) Å | θ = 2.3–25.3° |
b = 15.5496 (12) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 11.5310 (8) Å | T = 296 K |
β = 104.619 (4)° | Needle, orange |
V = 1274.57 (17) Å3 | 0.24 × 0.14 × 0.12 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2313 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1169 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.080 |
Detector resolution: 8.20 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.3°, θmin = 2.3° |
ω scans | h = −8→8 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) | k = −18→18 |
Tmin = 0.980, Tmax = 0.988 | l = −13→13 |
9888 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.057 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.152 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0622P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
2313 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
191 parameters | Δρmax = 0.19 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.22 e Å−3 |
C16H12N2O3 | V = 1274.57 (17) Å3 |
Mr = 280.28 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 7.3463 (6) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
b = 15.5496 (12) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 11.5310 (8) Å | 0.24 × 0.14 × 0.12 mm |
β = 104.619 (4)° |
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2313 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) | 1169 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.980, Tmax = 0.988 | Rint = 0.080 |
9888 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.057 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.152 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | Δρmax = 0.19 e Å−3 |
2313 reflections | Δρmin = −0.22 e Å−3 |
191 parameters |
Geometry. Bond distances, angles etc. have been calculated using the rounded fractional coordinates. All su's are estimated from the variances of the (full) variance-covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account in the estimation of distances, angles and torsion angles |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 1.2830 (3) | 0.00635 (16) | 0.14061 (19) | 0.0527 (10) | |
O2 | 1.3616 (3) | 0.01396 (16) | 0.34045 (19) | 0.0529 (10) | |
O3 | 1.1429 (3) | 0.07152 (17) | 0.44973 (17) | 0.0486 (9) | |
N1 | 0.6066 (4) | 0.10087 (18) | 0.0169 (2) | 0.0394 (10) | |
N2 | 0.1653 (4) | 0.11644 (18) | −0.3115 (2) | 0.0408 (10) | |
C1 | 1.2446 (5) | 0.0237 (2) | 0.2380 (3) | 0.0375 (12) | |
C2 | 1.0566 (4) | 0.0584 (2) | 0.2369 (3) | 0.0334 (11) | |
C3 | 1.0142 (5) | 0.0819 (2) | 0.3454 (3) | 0.0364 (11) | |
C4 | 0.8368 (5) | 0.1138 (2) | 0.3417 (3) | 0.0459 (13) | |
C5 | 0.7012 (5) | 0.1219 (2) | 0.2364 (3) | 0.0424 (14) | |
C6 | 0.7423 (4) | 0.0983 (2) | 0.1288 (3) | 0.0338 (11) | |
C7 | 0.9190 (4) | 0.0666 (2) | 0.1312 (3) | 0.0349 (11) | |
C8 | 0.4406 (5) | 0.1355 (2) | −0.0070 (3) | 0.0387 (11) | |
C9 | 0.3080 (5) | 0.1370 (2) | −0.1184 (3) | 0.0344 (11) | |
C10 | 0.1205 (4) | 0.1715 (2) | −0.1405 (3) | 0.0324 (11) | |
C11 | 0.0164 (5) | 0.2123 (2) | −0.0705 (3) | 0.0410 (11) | |
C12 | −0.1644 (5) | 0.2377 (2) | −0.1229 (3) | 0.0451 (12) | |
C13 | −0.2477 (5) | 0.2216 (2) | −0.2434 (3) | 0.0476 (14) | |
C14 | −0.1494 (5) | 0.1805 (2) | −0.3140 (3) | 0.0411 (11) | |
C15 | 0.0346 (5) | 0.1569 (2) | −0.2617 (3) | 0.0350 (11) | |
C16 | 0.3256 (5) | 0.1038 (2) | −0.2278 (3) | 0.0411 (12) | |
H1 | 0.63809 | 0.07659 | −0.04221 | 0.0472* | |
H2 | 0.14581 | 0.10162 | −0.38548 | 0.0489* | |
H3 | 1.24072 | 0.05315 | 0.43705 | 0.0584* | |
H4 | 0.80901 | 0.13014 | 0.41293 | 0.0551* | |
H5 | 0.58271 | 0.14295 | 0.23633 | 0.0512* | |
H7 | 0.94585 | 0.05043 | 0.05962 | 0.0420* | |
H8 | 0.40583 | 0.16216 | 0.05637 | 0.0463* | |
H11 | 0.06906 | 0.22218 | 0.01060 | 0.0494* | |
H12 | −0.23290 | 0.26623 | −0.07704 | 0.0542* | |
H13 | −0.37122 | 0.23872 | −0.27642 | 0.0567* | |
H14 | −0.20470 | 0.16904 | −0.39435 | 0.0495* | |
H16 | 0.43238 | 0.07717 | −0.24027 | 0.0491* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0458 (16) | 0.076 (2) | 0.0390 (14) | 0.0109 (13) | 0.0160 (12) | −0.0088 (13) |
O2 | 0.0373 (15) | 0.079 (2) | 0.0397 (15) | 0.0091 (13) | 0.0048 (12) | −0.0035 (14) |
O3 | 0.0402 (16) | 0.0743 (19) | 0.0303 (13) | 0.0077 (14) | 0.0070 (11) | −0.0027 (12) |
N1 | 0.0406 (19) | 0.0466 (19) | 0.0307 (15) | 0.0039 (16) | 0.0087 (13) | −0.0042 (14) |
N2 | 0.0439 (19) | 0.0481 (19) | 0.0292 (15) | 0.0048 (15) | 0.0071 (14) | −0.0045 (14) |
C1 | 0.036 (2) | 0.040 (2) | 0.035 (2) | 0.0021 (17) | 0.0063 (17) | −0.0006 (17) |
C2 | 0.034 (2) | 0.036 (2) | 0.0306 (18) | −0.0016 (16) | 0.0087 (15) | −0.0013 (16) |
C3 | 0.037 (2) | 0.041 (2) | 0.0285 (18) | 0.0015 (18) | 0.0033 (16) | 0.0003 (16) |
C4 | 0.050 (2) | 0.060 (3) | 0.0279 (18) | 0.008 (2) | 0.0104 (17) | −0.0090 (18) |
C5 | 0.037 (2) | 0.054 (3) | 0.036 (2) | 0.0112 (18) | 0.0086 (16) | −0.0048 (18) |
C6 | 0.035 (2) | 0.038 (2) | 0.0260 (17) | 0.0012 (17) | 0.0031 (15) | −0.0027 (16) |
C7 | 0.034 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.0295 (18) | 0.0013 (16) | 0.0093 (15) | −0.0038 (16) |
C8 | 0.041 (2) | 0.040 (2) | 0.0348 (19) | 0.0065 (18) | 0.0090 (16) | 0.0011 (17) |
C9 | 0.036 (2) | 0.037 (2) | 0.0288 (17) | 0.0008 (16) | 0.0056 (15) | −0.0030 (16) |
C10 | 0.037 (2) | 0.031 (2) | 0.0279 (18) | −0.0014 (16) | 0.0058 (15) | 0.0007 (15) |
C11 | 0.048 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.0332 (19) | 0.0006 (19) | 0.0109 (17) | −0.0011 (17) |
C12 | 0.044 (2) | 0.048 (2) | 0.047 (2) | 0.0103 (19) | 0.0181 (18) | 0.0001 (19) |
C13 | 0.040 (2) | 0.056 (3) | 0.045 (2) | 0.0095 (19) | 0.0075 (18) | 0.004 (2) |
C14 | 0.043 (2) | 0.047 (2) | 0.0308 (19) | 0.0011 (19) | 0.0047 (17) | 0.0003 (17) |
C15 | 0.037 (2) | 0.034 (2) | 0.0352 (19) | 0.0039 (17) | 0.0115 (16) | 0.0028 (16) |
C16 | 0.037 (2) | 0.046 (2) | 0.038 (2) | 0.0066 (18) | 0.0050 (17) | −0.0019 (18) |
O1—C1 | 1.254 (4) | C9—C10 | 1.440 (5) |
O2—C1 | 1.283 (4) | C9—C16 | 1.399 (5) |
O3—C3 | 1.339 (4) | C10—C15 | 1.399 (5) |
O3—H3 | 0.8200 | C10—C11 | 1.397 (5) |
N1—C6 | 1.418 (4) | C11—C12 | 1.371 (5) |
N1—C8 | 1.298 (5) | C12—C13 | 1.392 (5) |
N2—C16 | 1.335 (4) | C13—C14 | 1.375 (5) |
N2—C15 | 1.388 (5) | C14—C15 | 1.384 (5) |
N1—H1 | 0.8600 | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
N2—H2 | 0.8600 | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
C1—C2 | 1.480 (5) | C7—H7 | 0.9300 |
C2—C7 | 1.379 (5) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
C2—C3 | 1.412 (5) | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
C3—C4 | 1.385 (5) | C12—H12 | 0.9300 |
C4—C5 | 1.368 (5) | C13—H13 | 0.9300 |
C5—C6 | 1.398 (5) | C14—H14 | 0.9300 |
C6—C7 | 1.382 (4) | C16—H16 | 0.9300 |
C8—C9 | 1.403 (5) | ||
C3—O3—H3 | 109.00 | C9—C10—C11 | 134.9 (3) |
C6—N1—C8 | 127.8 (3) | C10—C11—C12 | 119.1 (3) |
C15—N2—C16 | 110.1 (3) | C11—C12—C13 | 121.4 (3) |
C8—N1—H1 | 116.00 | C12—C13—C14 | 120.7 (3) |
C6—N1—H1 | 116.00 | C13—C14—C15 | 117.8 (3) |
C16—N2—H2 | 125.00 | C10—C15—C14 | 122.5 (3) |
C15—N2—H2 | 125.00 | N2—C15—C10 | 107.6 (3) |
O2—C1—C2 | 117.3 (3) | N2—C15—C14 | 129.9 (3) |
O1—C1—O2 | 123.3 (3) | N2—C16—C9 | 109.4 (3) |
O1—C1—C2 | 119.4 (3) | C3—C4—H4 | 119.00 |
C3—C2—C7 | 118.9 (3) | C5—C4—H4 | 119.00 |
C1—C2—C3 | 120.1 (3) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.00 |
C1—C2—C7 | 121.0 (3) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.00 |
O3—C3—C4 | 121.1 (3) | C2—C7—H7 | 119.00 |
O3—C3—C2 | 120.1 (3) | C6—C7—H7 | 119.00 |
C2—C3—C4 | 118.8 (3) | N1—C8—H8 | 117.00 |
C3—C4—C5 | 121.9 (3) | C9—C8—H8 | 117.00 |
C4—C5—C6 | 119.4 (3) | C10—C11—H11 | 120.00 |
C5—C6—C7 | 119.2 (3) | C12—C11—H11 | 120.00 |
N1—C6—C5 | 122.7 (3) | C11—C12—H12 | 119.00 |
N1—C6—C7 | 118.0 (3) | C13—C12—H12 | 119.00 |
C2—C7—C6 | 121.7 (3) | C12—C13—H13 | 120.00 |
N1—C8—C9 | 126.8 (3) | C14—C13—H13 | 120.00 |
C8—C9—C10 | 125.5 (3) | C13—C14—H14 | 121.00 |
C8—C9—C16 | 128.2 (3) | C15—C14—H14 | 121.00 |
C10—C9—C16 | 106.3 (3) | N2—C16—H16 | 125.00 |
C11—C10—C15 | 118.4 (3) | C9—C16—H16 | 125.00 |
C9—C10—C15 | 106.7 (3) |
Cg3 is the centroid of the C10–C15 ring. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1i | 0.86 | 1.90 | 2.735 (3) | 162 |
N2—H2···O3ii | 0.86 | 1.95 | 2.805 (3) | 171 |
O3—H3···O2 | 0.82 | 1.70 | 2.448 (3) | 150 |
C16—H16···O1i | 0.93 | 2.48 | 3.279 (4) | 144 |
C16—H16···O2i | 0.93 | 2.55 | 3.439 (4) | 160 |
C5—H5···Cg3iii | 0.93 | 2.92 | 3.643 (4) | 136 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, −y, −z; (ii) x−1, y, z−1; (iii) x+1/2, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C16H12N2O3 |
Mr | 280.28 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/n |
Temperature (K) | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 7.3463 (6), 15.5496 (12), 11.5310 (8) |
β (°) | 104.619 (4) |
V (Å3) | 1274.57 (17) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.10 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.24 × 0.14 × 0.12 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.980, 0.988 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 9888, 2313, 1169 |
Rint | 0.080 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.600 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.057, 0.152, 1.00 |
No. of reflections | 2313 |
No. of parameters | 191 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.19, −0.22 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009), SAINT (Bruker, 2009), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009), WinGX (Farrugia, 1999) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).
Cg3 is the centroid of the C10–C15 ring. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1i | 0.86 | 1.90 | 2.735 (3) | 162 |
N2—H2···O3ii | 0.86 | 1.95 | 2.805 (3) | 171 |
O3—H3···O2 | 0.82 | 1.70 | 2.448 (3) | 150 |
C16—H16···O1i | 0.93 | 2.48 | 3.279 (4) | 144 |
C16—H16···O2i | 0.93 | 2.55 | 3.439 (4) | 160 |
C5—H5···Cg3iii | 0.93 | 2.92 | 3.643 (4) | 136 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, −y, −z; (ii) x−1, y, z−1; (iii) x+1/2, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the provision of funds for the purchase of the diffractometer and encouragement by Dr Muhammad Akram Chaudhary, Vice Chancellor, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
References
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As a part of our on going project related to synthesize various Schiff bases of 2-hydroxy-5-aminobenzoic acid and then their metal complexation (Tahir et al., 2010a,b), we report here the title compound (I).
The title compound (I) is Zwitterion similar to 2-hydroxy-5-{[(E)-4-methoxybenzylidene]azaniumyl}benzoate (Tahir et al., 2010b). In (I), the group A (C2—C7/N1/O3) of 5-aminosalicylic acid moiety and the 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde moiety B (C8—C15/N2) are almost planar with r. m. s. deviations of 0.0258 and 0.0175 Å, respectively (Fig. 1). The dihedral angle between A/B is 7.77 (11)°. The carboxylate group C (O1/C1/O2) is oriented at a dihedral angle of 3.34 (45)° with the parent group A. The observed values of C═N and C═O are 1.298 (5) and 1.254 (4) Å, respectively compared to 1.291 (2) and 1.242 (2) Å observed in related compound (Tahir et al., 2010b).
In the title compound S(6) ring motif (Etter, 1990; Bernstein et al., 1995), is formed due to intramolecular H-bonding of O—H···O type (Table 1, Fig. 1). The N—H···O type of H-bondings build up a pseudo dimer with R22(14) ring motifs (Table 1, Fig. 2). The C—H···O and N—H···O types of H-bondings (Table 2) complete R12(4) and R21(7) ring motifs (Table 1, Fig. 2). The pseudo dimers are interlinked due to H-bonding of N—H···O type (Table 1, Fig. 2) resulting in dimensional polymeric chains extending along the crystallographic [1 0 1] axis. A C—H···π (Table 1) and offset π–π interaction between the benzene ring (C2—C7) of anilinic and heterocyclic five membered (N2/C15/C10/C9/C16) groups at a distance of 3.5716 (19) Å, with plane to plane distance of 3.25 and 3.41 Å and mean offset angle of 20.9°, play important role in stabilizing the molecules.