organic compounds
2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene
aDepartment of Chemistry, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH 43081, USA
*Correspondence e-mail: djohnston@otterbein.edu
The title compound, C8H8N2O4, was prepared via the nitration of p-xylene. The molecules are stacked along the c axis in an antiparallel manner. The two nitro groups are rotated relative to the benzene ring with dihedral angles of 44.50 (7) and 31.67 (8)°. The tilt of the nitro groups allows the formation of C—H⋯O interactions between the ring C—H and nitro groups of adjacent molecules creating puckered sheets perpendicular to the c axis. The H atoms of the methyl group in the 5-position are disordered (60° rotation) with an occupancy of 0.616 (19) for the major component. The crystal was found to be a non-merohedral twin with a [−1 −0.002 0.005, 0.00031 −1 0.002, 0.118 −0.007 1] corresponding to a rotation of 180° about the reciprocal axis (001) and refined to give a minor component fraction of 0.320 (2).
Related literature
For the synthesis and properties of dinitro derivatives of p-xylene, see: Kobe & Hudson (1950); Johnson & Northcott (1967); Liu et al. (2005a). For single-crystal diffraction studies of dinitrotoluene, see: McCrone (1954); Nie et al. (2001); Hanson et al. (2004). For single-crystal diffraction studies of nitro derivatives of simple aromatic compounds, see: Ori et al. (1989); Graham et al. (2004); Liu et al. (2005b); Demartin et al. (2004). For discussions of non-conventional hydrogen bonding in nitroaromatics and other compounds, see: Desiraju (2005); Gagnon et al. (2007).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 and GIS (Bruker, 2009); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008) and OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2009), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008) and POV-RAY (Cason, 2004); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536811031424/zl2394sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811031424/zl2394Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811031424/zl2394Isup3.mol
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811031424/zl2394Isup4.cml
Concentrated nitric acid (4 ml) and concentrated sulfuric acid (4 ml) were placed in a round-bottom flask equipped with a Claisen adapter, thermometer and condenser. Approximately 4.5 ml of p-xylene was slowly added to the nitric/sulfuric acid mixture, ensuring that the internal temperature did not exceed 323–328 K. After the addition was complete, the mixture was heated for an additional 15 min at 323–328 K. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into 40 ml of cold water and cooled to produce the crystals of the crude nitration product.
The product was recrystallized by vapor diffusion of n-pentane into a diethyl ether solution. Large translucent needles formed after two weeks. The melting point of this crystal was determined to be 398.4 (1) K by DSC, in agreement with literature values (Johnson & Northcott, 1967, Liu et al., 2005a).
A small, optically clear crystal was cut and selected from the larger crystal under a polarizing microscope. Data sets on three separate crystals selected from different parts of the larger crystal all showed significant non-merohedral twinning.
The
[-1 -0.002 0.005 0.00031 -1 0.002 0.118 -0.007 1], corresponding to a rotation of 179.9° about the reciprocal axis (0 0 1) was determined using the CELL_NOW program (Bruker AXS, 2009). Integration and absorption correction (TWINABS, Bruker AXS 2009) gave 1050 unique reflections in domain 1, 1012 unique reflections in domain 2, and 1223 unique overlapping reflections, or 37 percent overlapping reflections. The structure was solved using the non-overlapping reflections from both domains (HKLF 4). The structure was refined using corrected reflections from only the major component including overlaps (HKLF 5). produced a minor twin component fraction of 0.320 (2).All hydrogen atoms were located in the difference map and refined with the atom positions constrained to appropriate positions with C—H distances of 0.95 Å (aromatic carbon atoms) or 0.98 Å (methyl groups). The methyl group in the 5-position was modeled as an idealized disordered methyl group with hydrogen atoms in two positions rotated 60° from each other. The occupancy for the major methyl group orientation was 0.62 (2). A riding model was used for all H atoms with Uiso(H) = 1.2 times Uiso (aromatic) or 1.5 times Uiso (methyl carbon atoms).
Data collection: GIS (Bruker, 2009); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008) and OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2009), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008) and POV-RAY (Cason, 2004); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).C8H8N2O4 | Dx = 1.501 Mg m−3 |
Mr = 196.16 | Melting point: 398.4(1) K |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 12.582 (3) Å | Cell parameters from 2569 reflections |
b = 9.3868 (17) Å | θ = 3.5–24.7° |
c = 7.3565 (14) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
β = 91.963 (6)° | T = 200 K |
V = 868.3 (3) Å3 | Block, clear colourless |
Z = 4 | 0.40 × 0.40 × 0.30 mm |
F(000) = 408 |
Bruker SMART X2S benchtop diffractometer | 1540 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1307 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Doubly curved silicon crystal monochromator | Rint = 0.043 |
Detector resolution: 8.3330 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.1°, θmin = 2.7° |
ω scans | h = −14→15 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (TWINABS; Bruker, 2009) | k = 0→11 |
Tmin = 0.76, Tmax = 0.96 | l = 0→8 |
2868 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039 | Hydrogen site location: difference Fourier map |
wR(F2) = 0.103 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0667P)2 + 0.0091P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
1540 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
132 parameters | Δρmax = 0.23 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.15 e Å−3 |
C8H8N2O4 | V = 868.3 (3) Å3 |
Mr = 196.16 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 12.582 (3) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
b = 9.3868 (17) Å | T = 200 K |
c = 7.3565 (14) Å | 0.40 × 0.40 × 0.30 mm |
β = 91.963 (6)° |
Bruker SMART X2S benchtop diffractometer | 1540 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (TWINABS; Bruker, 2009) | 1307 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.76, Tmax = 0.96 | Rint = 0.043 |
2868 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.103 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | Δρmax = 0.23 e Å−3 |
1540 reflections | Δρmin = −0.15 e Å−3 |
132 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
C1 | 0.26217 (13) | 0.14793 (18) | 0.1233 (2) | 0.0281 (4) | |
C2 | 0.16617 (13) | 0.22131 (17) | 0.1367 (2) | 0.0295 (4) | |
C3 | 0.15567 (13) | 0.36737 (19) | 0.1375 (2) | 0.0323 (4) | |
H3 | 0.0873 | 0.409 | 0.1472 | 0.039* | |
C4 | 0.24416 (13) | 0.45384 (18) | 0.1243 (2) | 0.0304 (4) | |
C5 | 0.34132 (13) | 0.38694 (17) | 0.1104 (2) | 0.0302 (4) | |
H5 | 0.4038 | 0.4426 | 0.0995 | 0.036* | |
C6 | 0.34884 (11) | 0.2402 (2) | 0.1123 (2) | 0.0279 (4) | |
C7 | 0.26878 (16) | −0.01147 (18) | 0.1075 (2) | 0.0402 (5) | |
H7A | 0.2846 | −0.0527 | 0.2278 | 0.06* | |
H7B | 0.3253 | −0.0369 | 0.0251 | 0.06* | |
H7C | 0.2007 | −0.0488 | 0.0594 | 0.06* | |
C8 | 0.23407 (16) | 0.61384 (19) | 0.1237 (3) | 0.0438 (5) | |
H8A | 0.1999 | 0.6449 | 0.0087 | 0.066* | 0.616 (19) |
H8B | 0.3049 | 0.6568 | 0.1369 | 0.066* | 0.616 (19) |
H8C | 0.1908 | 0.6439 | 0.2252 | 0.066* | 0.616 (19) |
H8D | 0.2639 | 0.6521 | 0.2385 | 0.066* | 0.384 (19) |
H8E | 0.1589 | 0.6403 | 0.1103 | 0.066* | 0.384 (19) |
H8F | 0.273 | 0.6532 | 0.022 | 0.066* | 0.384 (19) |
N1 | 0.06685 (12) | 0.14007 (19) | 0.1519 (2) | 0.0426 (4) | |
N2 | 0.45679 (12) | 0.18168 (17) | 0.1043 (2) | 0.0400 (4) | |
O1 | 0.06653 (12) | 0.03920 (18) | 0.25790 (19) | 0.0589 (5) | |
O2 | −0.00966 (11) | 0.17884 (17) | 0.0609 (2) | 0.0687 (5) | |
O3 | 0.47671 (12) | 0.07044 (16) | 0.18286 (19) | 0.0563 (4) | |
O4 | 0.52229 (10) | 0.2493 (2) | 0.0219 (3) | 0.0705 (5) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.0337 (9) | 0.0284 (9) | 0.0222 (8) | −0.0015 (7) | 0.0018 (7) | −0.0006 (7) |
C2 | 0.0270 (8) | 0.0312 (10) | 0.0305 (9) | −0.0052 (7) | 0.0026 (7) | −0.0034 (7) |
C3 | 0.0273 (9) | 0.0355 (10) | 0.0344 (10) | 0.0063 (7) | 0.0022 (8) | −0.0045 (8) |
C4 | 0.0352 (9) | 0.0270 (9) | 0.0292 (8) | 0.0021 (7) | 0.0029 (7) | −0.0014 (7) |
C5 | 0.0290 (8) | 0.0307 (9) | 0.0311 (9) | −0.0044 (7) | 0.0018 (7) | 0.0002 (8) |
C6 | 0.0242 (8) | 0.0317 (9) | 0.0278 (9) | 0.0046 (8) | −0.0004 (7) | −0.0007 (7) |
C7 | 0.0518 (10) | 0.0267 (10) | 0.0424 (10) | 0.0015 (8) | 0.0063 (9) | −0.0010 (8) |
C8 | 0.0549 (11) | 0.0266 (10) | 0.0503 (11) | 0.0042 (8) | 0.0053 (10) | 0.0001 (9) |
N1 | 0.0316 (9) | 0.0459 (10) | 0.0506 (10) | −0.0103 (7) | 0.0078 (8) | −0.0142 (9) |
N2 | 0.0302 (8) | 0.0434 (10) | 0.0462 (10) | 0.0080 (7) | −0.0006 (8) | −0.0023 (8) |
O1 | 0.0573 (9) | 0.0583 (10) | 0.0621 (9) | −0.0275 (7) | 0.0170 (8) | 0.0006 (8) |
O2 | 0.0321 (8) | 0.0726 (11) | 0.1003 (13) | −0.0080 (7) | −0.0140 (9) | −0.0069 (10) |
O3 | 0.0478 (9) | 0.0547 (10) | 0.0655 (9) | 0.0192 (7) | −0.0093 (7) | 0.0075 (8) |
O4 | 0.0345 (7) | 0.0712 (10) | 0.1076 (13) | 0.0074 (8) | 0.0281 (9) | 0.0149 (11) |
C1—C2 | 1.397 (2) | C7—H7B | 0.98 |
C1—C6 | 1.397 (2) | C7—H7C | 0.98 |
C1—C7 | 1.503 (2) | C8—H8A | 0.98 |
C2—C3 | 1.377 (3) | C8—H8B | 0.98 |
C2—N1 | 1.471 (2) | C8—H8C | 0.98 |
C3—C4 | 1.384 (2) | C8—H8D | 0.98 |
C3—H3 | 0.95 | C8—H8E | 0.98 |
C4—C5 | 1.381 (2) | C8—H8F | 0.98 |
C4—C8 | 1.507 (2) | N1—O2 | 1.210 (2) |
C5—C6 | 1.380 (2) | N1—O1 | 1.227 (2) |
C5—H5 | 0.95 | N2—O3 | 1.2154 (19) |
C6—N2 | 1.468 (2) | N2—O4 | 1.218 (2) |
C7—H7A | 0.98 | ||
C2—C1—C6 | 112.13 (15) | H8A—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
C2—C1—C7 | 123.13 (15) | C4—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
C6—C1—C7 | 124.56 (15) | H8A—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
C3—C2—C1 | 125.06 (15) | H8B—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
C3—C2—N1 | 115.70 (15) | C4—C8—H8D | 109.5 |
C1—C2—N1 | 119.24 (15) | H8A—C8—H8D | 141.1 |
C2—C3—C4 | 120.39 (15) | H8B—C8—H8D | 56.3 |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.8 | H8C—C8—H8D | 56.3 |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.8 | C4—C8—H8E | 109.5 |
C5—C4—C3 | 117.05 (15) | H8A—C8—H8E | 56.3 |
C5—C4—C8 | 121.84 (15) | H8B—C8—H8E | 141.1 |
C3—C4—C8 | 121.11 (15) | H8C—C8—H8E | 56.3 |
C6—C5—C4 | 120.89 (15) | H8D—C8—H8E | 109.5 |
C6—C5—H5 | 119.6 | C4—C8—H8F | 109.5 |
C4—C5—H5 | 119.6 | H8A—C8—H8F | 56.3 |
C5—C6—C1 | 124.46 (15) | H8B—C8—H8F | 56.3 |
C5—C6—N2 | 115.87 (15) | H8C—C8—H8F | 141.1 |
C1—C6—N2 | 119.67 (15) | H8D—C8—H8F | 109.5 |
C1—C7—H7A | 109.5 | H8E—C8—H8F | 109.5 |
C1—C7—H7B | 109.5 | O2—N1—O1 | 124.35 (16) |
H7A—C7—H7B | 109.5 | O2—N1—C2 | 117.61 (17) |
C1—C7—H7C | 109.5 | O1—N1—C2 | 118.03 (15) |
H7A—C7—H7C | 109.5 | O3—N2—O4 | 123.52 (15) |
H7B—C7—H7C | 109.5 | O3—N2—C6 | 118.60 (16) |
C4—C8—H8A | 109.5 | O4—N2—C6 | 117.87 (15) |
C4—C8—H8B | 109.5 | ||
C6—C1—C2—C3 | 0.6 (2) | C2—C1—C6—C5 | −1.4 (2) |
C7—C1—C2—C3 | −174.82 (17) | C7—C1—C6—C5 | 173.92 (17) |
C6—C1—C2—N1 | −179.20 (14) | C2—C1—C6—N2 | 177.72 (14) |
C7—C1—C2—N1 | 5.4 (2) | C7—C1—C6—N2 | −7.0 (2) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.1 (3) | C3—C2—N1—O2 | 44.2 (2) |
N1—C2—C3—C4 | 179.84 (15) | C1—C2—N1—O2 | −136.03 (18) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.0 (2) | C3—C2—N1—O1 | −134.69 (17) |
C2—C3—C4—C8 | 179.58 (16) | C1—C2—N1—O1 | 45.1 (2) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −0.8 (2) | C5—C6—N2—O3 | 147.42 (16) |
C8—C4—C5—C6 | 179.64 (16) | C1—C6—N2—O3 | −31.8 (2) |
C4—C5—C6—C1 | 1.6 (3) | C5—C6—N2—O4 | −31.1 (2) |
C4—C5—C6—N2 | −177.55 (14) | C1—C6—N2—O4 | 149.73 (18) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C3—H3···O1i | 0.95 | 2.41 | 3.340 (2) | 165 |
C5—H5···O3ii | 0.95 | 2.47 | 3.207 (2) | 134 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C8H8N2O4 |
Mr | 196.16 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 200 |
a, b, c (Å) | 12.582 (3), 9.3868 (17), 7.3565 (14) |
β (°) | 91.963 (6) |
V (Å3) | 868.3 (3) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.12 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.40 × 0.40 × 0.30 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART X2S benchtop diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (TWINABS; Bruker, 2009) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.76, 0.96 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 2868, 1540, 1307 |
Rint | 0.043 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.597 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.039, 0.103, 1.04 |
No. of reflections | 1540 |
No. of parameters | 132 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.23, −0.15 |
Computer programs: GIS (Bruker, 2009), SAINT (Bruker, 2009), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008) and OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009), PLATON (Spek, 2009), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008) and POV-RAY (Cason, 2004), publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C3—H3···O1i | 0.95 | 2.41 | 3.340 (2) | 165.4 |
C5—H5···O3ii | 0.95 | 2.47 | 3.207 (2) | 134.4 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+1/2. |
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation through grant CHE-0532510.
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.
Nitro-derivatives of para-xylene have been prepared as synthetic intermediates and as energetic materials. There are three possible isomers for the dinitro derivative of p-xylene, with studies showing that the major product is the 2,3-dinitro isomer, with exact amounts dependent on reaction conditions (Kobe & Hudson, 1950, Johnson & Northcott, 1967).
The title compound was prepared as a solid derivative of para-xylene for a qualitative organic analysis laboratory course. The intended product was the mono-nitro derivative, but it appears the major product was the dinitro product. Large (~1 cm) needle crystals were obtained by vapor diffusion of n-pentane into a diethyl ether solution of the compound. The lower solubility of the 1,3-dinitro product relative to the other isomers (Kobe & Hudson, 1950) likely favored formation of crystals of the single isomer.
The dihedral angles between the plane of the benzene ring (Fig. 1) and the two nitro groups are 44.50 (7) and 31.67 (8)°, within the range observed for similar methyl-substituted nitrobenzene derivatives (Demartin, et al., 2004, Liu, et al. 2005a). The molecules are packed along the c axis (Fig. 2) with the rings nearly parallel to each other with an interplane angle of 0.63 (2) ° and interplane spacings (centroid to plane) of 3.648 Å and 3.659 Å. The positioning of the nitro groups enables the formation of non-conventional hydrogen bonds (Desiraju, 2005) between the aromatic C—H and nitro group oxygen atoms of adjacent molecules as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 (for measurements see Table 1). This type of C—H···O interaction is often found in the structures of simple nitroarenes (Gagnon et al., 2007). These interactions combine to create a network of puckered sheets perpendicular the c axis.