Crystal structure of a photobiologically active brominated angular pyran­ocoumarin: bromo-hy­droxy-seselin

Bauri, A.K.; Foro, S.; Rahman, A.F.M.M.

doi:10.1107/S2056989017002808

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Volume 73| Part 3| March 2017| Pages 453-455

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017002808

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Crystal structure of a photobiologically active brominated angular pyranocoumarin: bromo-hydroxy-seselin

A. K. Bauri,^a Sabine Foro ^b and A. F. M. Mustafizur Rahman ^c ^*

^aBio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India, ^bInstitute of Materials Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 2, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and ^cDepartment of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
^*Correspondence e-mail: mustafizacce@du.ac.bd

Edited by H. Stoeckli-Evans, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Received 13 February 2017; accepted 20 February 2017; online 28 February 2017)

The title compound, C₁₄H₁₃BrO₃ [systematic name: rac-(9S,10R)-9-bromo-10-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one], is a substituted pyranocoumarin, obtained by bromination of seselin [8,8-dimethyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one], which was isolated from the Indian herb Trachyspermum stictocarpum (Aajmod). The pyrano ring has a distorted half-chair conformation and its mean plane is inclined to the coumarin mean plane by 1.6 (2)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R²₂(16) ring motif. The dimers stack along the a-axis direction and are linked by offset π–π interactions, forming columns [intercentroid distance = 3.514 (4) Å].

Keywords: crystal structure; seselin; bromination; hydrogen bonding; offset π–π interactions.

CCDC reference: 1533622

1. Chemical context

The title compound, rac-(9S,10R)-9-bromo-10-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one, is a substituted product of the angular pyranocoumarin seselin, with a bromine atom and a hydroxy group at the asymmetric carbon atoms C3 and C4 in the pyrano ring (see Fig. 1). This class of pyranocoumarins have absorption bands in the near UV region due to the presence of an extended conjugated enone system and exhibit photomutagenic (Appendino et al., 2004 ) and photocarcinogenic properties, binding with purin bases of DNA in living cells to yield photoadducts (Filomena et al., 2009 ). Based on this property, these compounds are employed to treat numerous inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and pigment disorders such as vitiligo and psoriasis on exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in photodynamic therapy (PDT). As a result of their strong ability to absorb UV radiation, this class of molecules are also utilized as photoprotective agents to prevent the absorption of harmful UV radiation by the skin in the form of a variety of sun-screening lotions, widely used in dermatological applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (Chen et al., 2007 , 2009 ). In addition, in vitro antiproliferative activity and in vivo phototoxicity of the parent molecule has been reported against numerous cancer cell lines, including HL60, A431 (Conconi et al., 1998 ). These classes of coumarins have been used successfully in combination with ultraviolet irradiation to treat psoriasis and vitiligo and have been found to inhibit proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (March et al., 1993 ). Experimental results revealed that their phototoxicity is exerted via Diels–Alder reactions, binding to the double bond of a purin base of DNA in living cells with double bonds of the coumarin, to yield mono- and di-adducts (Conforti et al., 2009). Recently, this type of molecule has been combined with a porphyrin to obtain a scaffold-type macromolecule and employed to study of its interaction (host–guest interaction) with fullerenes, such as C₆₀ and C₇₀ in supramolecular chemistry (Banerjee et al., 2014 ; Ghosh et al., 2014 ). The molecular tweezers containing a coumarin moiety showed better quantum yield and fluorescence absorption due to the presence of the extended conjugated enone of pyranocoumarin. As part of our studies in this area, we now describe the synthesis and structure of the title compound.

Figure 1
The molecular structure of the title compound, with the atom labelling and displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level

2. Structural commentary

The title compound, Fig. 1, belongs to a class of naturally occurring pyranocoumarins, known as psoralenes. It is an angular isomer of the substituted pyranocoumarin seselin [8,8-dimethyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one], whose crystal structure has been reported (Kato, 1970 ; Bauri et al., 2006 ). It is composed of three different ring systems, viz. benzene, pyrone and pyrano, with (CH₃)₂, Br and OH substituents located at the C2, C3 and C4 positions, respectively, see Fig. 1. The C5—C6—C10—C9 and O2—C6—C10—C11 torsion angles are almost the same, viz. 178.6 (6) and 178.3 (5)°, respectively, indicating that these rings are almost coplanar. The pyrano ring (O1/C1–C5) has a distorted half-chair conformation [puckering parameters: amplitude (Q) = 0.443 (7) Å, θ = 132.7 (9)°, φ = 91.7 (11)°], probably due to ring flexibility and the presence of the substituents. Its mean plane is inclined to the mean plane of the coumarin ring by 1.6 (2)°. There are two asymmetric centres at positions C3 and C4 in the molecule (Fig. 1). The present study of the title racemic compound revealed that the relative configuration of atoms C3 and C4 to be S and R, respectively.

3. Supramolecular features

In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R₂²(16) ring motif (Table 1 and Fig. 2). The dimers stack along the a-axis direction and are linked by offset π–π interactions, forming columns [Cg2⋯Cg2(−x + 1, −y, −z + 2) = 3.514 (4) Å, interplanar distance = 3.422 (3) Å, slippage = 0.798 Å; Cg2 is the centroid of the O2/C6–C10 ring].

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O3—H3O⋯O4ⁱ	0.81 (2)	1.95 (3)	2.734 (7)	162 (8)
Symmetry code: (i) -x, -y, -z+1.

Figure 2
A view along the a axis of the crystal packing of the title compound, with hydrogen bonds shown as dashed lines (see Table 1

4. Database survey

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, Version 5.38, last update November 2016; Groom et al., 2016 ) gave more than 25 hits for the pyranocoumarin structure. They include two reports of the crystal structure of seselin [CSD refcodes AMYROL (Kato, 1970) and AMYROL01 (Bauri et al., 2006)], and a number of structures with various substituents at the C3 and C4 atoms; many of which are natural products.

5. Synthesis and crystallization

The compound seselin was isolated as a colourless crystalline solid from the methanol extract of T. stictocarpum (in local dialect known as Aajmod) by means of column chromatography over SiO₂ gel, by gradient elution with a mixture of a binary solvent system of hexane and ethyl acetate. It was purified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography followed by crystallization to yield a colourless solid. This compound was then brominated using NBS in aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a 1:1 ratio at room temperature with continuous mechanical stirring over a period of 12 h. The reaction was quenched with ice-cold water and extracted with diethyl ether to yield the crude product. This was then purified by column chromatography over SiO₂ with gradient solvent elution to yield the title compound. Colourless rod-like crystals were obtained after recrystallization three times from ethyl acetate:hexane (1:4) solution at room temperature.

6. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2. The hydroxyl H atom was located in a difference Fourier map and refined with U_iso(H) = 1.2U_eq(O). The C-bound H atoms were included in calculated positions and treated as riding atoms: C—H = 0.93–0.98 Å with U_iso(H) = 1.2U_eq(C).

Table 2
Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₁₄H₁₃BrO₄
M_r	325.15
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, P2₁/n
Temperature (K)	299
a, b, c (Å)	6.9573 (6), 23.465 (2), 8.3435 (7)
β (°)	100.79 (1)
V (Å³)	1338.0 (2)
Z	4
Radiation type	Mo Kα
μ (mm⁻¹)	3.08
Crystal size (mm)	0.44 × 0.20 × 0.16

Data collection
Diffractometer	Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Sapphire CCD detector
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (CrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009 $[Oxford Diffraction (2009). CrysAlis CCD & CrysAlis RED. Oxford Diffraction Ltd., Abingdon, England.]$ )
T_min, T_max	0.344, 0.639
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	4521, 2392, 2063
R_int	0.022
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.602

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.063, 0.202, 1.12
No. of reflections	2392
No. of parameters	175
No. of restraints	1
H-atom treatment	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	1.25, −1.02
Computer programs: CrysAlis CCD and CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2009 $[Oxford Diffraction (2009). CrysAlis CCD & CrysAlis RED. Oxford Diffraction Ltd., Abingdon, England.]$ ), SHELXS97 and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ) and PLATON (Spek, 2009 ).

Supporting information

CCDC reference: 1533622

Crystal structure: contains datablocks I, Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017002808/su5353sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989017002808/su5353Isup2.hkl

checkCIF report

Computing details top

Data collection: CrysAlis CCD (Oxford Diffraction, 2009); cell refinement: CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2009); data reduction: CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).

rac-(9S,10R)-9-Bromo-10-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one top

Crystal data top

C₁₄H₁₃BrO₄	F(000) = 656
M_r = 325.15	D_x = 1.614 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, P2₁/n	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2yn	Cell parameters from 3332 reflections
a = 6.9573 (6) Å	θ = 2.5–27.4°
b = 23.465 (2) Å	µ = 3.08 mm⁻¹
c = 8.3435 (7) Å	T = 299 K
β = 100.79 (1)°	Rod, colourless
V = 1338.0 (2) Å³	0.44 × 0.20 × 0.16 mm
Z = 4

Data collection top

Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Sapphire CCD detector diffractometer	2392 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	2063 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromator	R_int = 0.022
Rotation method data acquisition using ω scans.	θ_max = 25.4°, θ_min = 2.6°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis RED; Oxford Diffraction, 2009)	h = −8→8
T_min = 0.344, T_max = 0.639	k = −20→28
4521 measured reflections	l = −10→6

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.063	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F²) = 0.202	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.12	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0969P)² + 6.1833P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
2392 reflections	(Δ/σ)_max = 0.005
175 parameters	Δρ_max = 1.25 e Å⁻³
1 restraint	Δρ_min = −1.02 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F² against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F², conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F². The threshold expression of F² > 2sigma(F²) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F² are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
C1	0.2945 (9)	0.1326 (3)	0.9293 (8)	0.0385 (14)
C2	0.2080 (10)	0.2030 (3)	0.7183 (8)	0.0439 (15)
C3	0.2309 (9)	0.1564 (3)	0.5932 (8)	0.0370 (14)
H3	0.1538	0.1673	0.4870	0.044*
C4	0.1631 (8)	0.0972 (3)	0.6392 (7)	0.0337 (13)
H4	0.2193	0.0678	0.5787	0.040*
C5	0.2295 (8)	0.0878 (3)	0.8222 (7)	0.0323 (13)
C6	0.2285 (8)	0.0340 (3)	0.8890 (8)	0.0327 (13)
C7	0.1645 (9)	−0.0657 (3)	0.8329 (8)	0.0392 (15)
C8	0.2141 (10)	−0.0764 (3)	1.0051 (9)	0.0450 (16)
H8	0.2076	−0.1135	1.0430	0.054*
C9	0.2692 (10)	−0.0345 (3)	1.1120 (8)	0.0415 (15)
H9	0.3007	−0.0427	1.2229	0.050*
C10	0.2804 (9)	0.0233 (3)	1.0572 (8)	0.0367 (14)
C11	0.3418 (10)	0.0693 (3)	1.1591 (8)	0.0425 (15)
H11	0.3787	0.0635	1.2709	0.051*
C12	0.3486 (11)	0.1233 (3)	1.0959 (8)	0.0462 (16)
H12	0.3897	0.1537	1.1653	0.055*
C13	−0.0073 (12)	0.2122 (3)	0.7295 (10)	0.0554 (19)
H13A	−0.0167	0.2418	0.8069	0.066*
H13B	−0.0602	0.1775	0.7641	0.066*
H13C	−0.0797	0.2230	0.6244	0.066*
C14	0.2986 (14)	0.2596 (3)	0.6815 (11)	0.062 (2)
H14A	0.4356	0.2543	0.6823	0.075*
H14B	0.2819	0.2871	0.7629	0.075*
H14C	0.2353	0.2730	0.5760	0.075*
O1	0.3137 (7)	0.18705 (19)	0.8778 (6)	0.0473 (12)
O2	0.1716 (6)	−0.01003 (17)	0.7824 (5)	0.0366 (10)
O3	−0.0446 (7)	0.0926 (2)	0.6070 (6)	0.0455 (11)
H3O	−0.078 (11)	0.089 (4)	0.510 (3)	0.055*
O4	0.1163 (8)	−0.1010 (2)	0.7257 (6)	0.0562 (14)
Br1	0.50492 (10)	0.14733 (3)	0.57070 (9)	0.0528 (3)

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
C1	0.038 (3)	0.034 (3)	0.041 (4)	−0.001 (3)	0.000 (3)	−0.002 (3)
C2	0.057 (4)	0.031 (3)	0.041 (4)	−0.001 (3)	0.000 (3)	0.003 (3)
C3	0.039 (3)	0.038 (3)	0.028 (3)	−0.005 (2)	−0.009 (2)	0.008 (3)
C4	0.033 (3)	0.032 (3)	0.034 (3)	−0.005 (2)	0.000 (2)	0.003 (3)
C5	0.030 (3)	0.034 (3)	0.030 (3)	0.001 (2)	−0.001 (2)	0.006 (3)
C6	0.028 (3)	0.032 (3)	0.036 (3)	0.002 (2)	−0.001 (2)	0.001 (3)
C7	0.038 (3)	0.035 (3)	0.043 (4)	−0.001 (3)	0.004 (3)	0.011 (3)
C8	0.044 (4)	0.044 (4)	0.047 (4)	0.002 (3)	0.008 (3)	0.015 (3)
C9	0.044 (4)	0.045 (4)	0.034 (3)	0.004 (3)	0.004 (3)	0.012 (3)
C10	0.034 (3)	0.043 (4)	0.032 (3)	0.003 (3)	0.003 (2)	0.007 (3)
C11	0.048 (4)	0.053 (4)	0.024 (3)	0.006 (3)	0.000 (3)	0.001 (3)
C12	0.055 (4)	0.045 (4)	0.034 (4)	−0.001 (3)	−0.003 (3)	−0.010 (3)
C13	0.068 (5)	0.046 (4)	0.051 (4)	0.013 (4)	0.007 (4)	0.000 (3)
C14	0.087 (6)	0.041 (4)	0.056 (5)	−0.013 (4)	0.006 (4)	0.008 (4)
O1	0.063 (3)	0.033 (2)	0.041 (3)	−0.003 (2)	−0.005 (2)	0.000 (2)
O2	0.043 (2)	0.031 (2)	0.032 (2)	−0.0022 (18)	−0.0017 (18)	0.0054 (18)
O3	0.040 (2)	0.052 (3)	0.040 (3)	−0.008 (2)	−0.005 (2)	0.006 (2)
O4	0.079 (4)	0.033 (2)	0.048 (3)	−0.008 (2)	−0.011 (3)	0.000 (2)
Br1	0.0432 (4)	0.0606 (5)	0.0542 (5)	−0.0072 (3)	0.0085 (3)	0.0069 (4)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

C1—O1	1.362 (8)	C7—O2	1.376 (7)
C1—C12	1.388 (10)	C7—C8	1.435 (10)
C1—C5	1.399 (9)	C8—C9	1.336 (10)
C2—O1	1.444 (8)	C8—H8	0.9300
C2—C14	1.526 (9)	C9—C10	1.438 (9)
C2—C13	1.533 (11)	C9—H9	0.9300
C2—C3	1.540 (9)	C10—C11	1.391 (9)
C3—C4	1.538 (8)	C11—C12	1.375 (10)
C3—Br1	1.962 (7)	C11—H11	0.9300
C3—H3	0.9800	C12—H12	0.9300
C4—O3	1.424 (7)	C13—H13A	0.9600
C4—C5	1.526 (8)	C13—H13B	0.9600
C4—H4	0.9800	C13—H13C	0.9600
C5—C6	1.381 (8)	C14—H14A	0.9600
C6—O2	1.372 (7)	C14—H14B	0.9600
C6—C10	1.404 (9)	C14—H14C	0.9600
C7—O4	1.220 (8)	O3—H3O	0.81 (2)

O1—C1—C12	116.1 (6)	C9—C8—C7	121.6 (6)
O1—C1—C5	122.9 (6)	C9—C8—H8	119.2
C12—C1—C5	121.0 (6)	C7—C8—H8	119.2
O1—C2—C14	104.7 (6)	C8—C9—C10	120.6 (6)
O1—C2—C13	108.3 (6)	C8—C9—H9	119.7
C14—C2—C13	109.6 (6)	C10—C9—H9	119.7
O1—C2—C3	109.9 (5)	C11—C10—C6	117.7 (6)
C14—C2—C3	112.5 (6)	C11—C10—C9	124.5 (6)
C13—C2—C3	111.5 (6)	C6—C10—C9	117.8 (6)
C4—C3—C2	113.3 (5)	C12—C11—C10	120.5 (6)
C4—C3—Br1	105.9 (4)	C12—C11—H11	119.7
C2—C3—Br1	111.6 (4)	C10—C11—H11	119.7
C4—C3—H3	108.6	C11—C12—C1	120.5 (6)
C2—C3—H3	108.6	C11—C12—H12	119.7
Br1—C3—H3	108.6	C1—C12—H12	119.7
O3—C4—C5	106.5 (5)	C2—C13—H13A	109.5
O3—C4—C3	111.7 (5)	C2—C13—H13B	109.5
C5—C4—C3	109.4 (5)	H13A—C13—H13B	109.5
O3—C4—H4	109.7	C2—C13—H13C	109.5
C5—C4—H4	109.7	H13A—C13—H13C	109.5
C3—C4—H4	109.7	H13B—C13—H13C	109.5
C6—C5—C1	117.1 (5)	C2—C14—H14A	109.5
C6—C5—C4	120.9 (5)	C2—C14—H14B	109.5
C1—C5—C4	122.0 (5)	H14A—C14—H14B	109.5
O2—C6—C5	116.7 (5)	C2—C14—H14C	109.5
O2—C6—C10	120.2 (5)	H14A—C14—H14C	109.5
C5—C6—C10	123.1 (6)	H14B—C14—H14C	109.5
O4—C7—O2	116.1 (6)	C1—O1—C2	118.1 (5)
O4—C7—C8	126.6 (6)	C6—O2—C7	122.5 (5)
O2—C7—C8	117.3 (6)	C4—O3—H3O	107 (6)

O1—C2—C3—C4	56.8 (7)	O2—C7—C8—C9	−1.5 (10)
C14—C2—C3—C4	173.0 (6)	C7—C8—C9—C10	0.1 (10)
C13—C2—C3—C4	−63.4 (7)	O2—C6—C10—C11	178.3 (5)
O1—C2—C3—Br1	−62.7 (6)	C5—C6—C10—C11	−2.3 (9)
C14—C2—C3—Br1	53.5 (7)	O2—C6—C10—C9	−0.7 (9)
C13—C2—C3—Br1	177.1 (5)	C5—C6—C10—C9	178.6 (6)
C2—C3—C4—O3	76.8 (6)	C8—C9—C10—C11	−178.0 (7)
Br1—C3—C4—O3	−160.5 (4)	C8—C9—C10—C6	1.0 (9)
C2—C3—C4—C5	−40.8 (7)	C6—C10—C11—C12	0.8 (10)
Br1—C3—C4—C5	81.9 (5)	C9—C10—C11—C12	179.8 (7)
O1—C1—C5—C6	176.0 (6)	C10—C11—C12—C1	−0.1 (11)
C12—C1—C5—C6	−2.3 (9)	O1—C1—C12—C11	−177.4 (6)
O1—C1—C5—C4	−3.7 (9)	C5—C1—C12—C11	0.9 (11)
C12—C1—C5—C4	178.1 (6)	C12—C1—O1—C2	−161.8 (6)
O3—C4—C5—C6	74.4 (7)	C5—C1—O1—C2	19.9 (9)
C3—C4—C5—C6	−164.7 (5)	C14—C2—O1—C1	−166.3 (6)
O3—C4—C5—C1	−105.9 (6)	C13—C2—O1—C1	76.9 (7)
C3—C4—C5—C1	14.9 (8)	C3—C2—O1—C1	−45.2 (8)
C1—C5—C6—O2	−177.6 (5)	C5—C6—O2—C7	179.9 (5)
C4—C5—C6—O2	2.1 (8)	C10—C6—O2—C7	−0.7 (8)
C1—C5—C6—C10	3.1 (9)	O4—C7—O2—C6	−178.2 (6)
C4—C5—C6—C10	−177.3 (6)	C8—C7—O2—C6	1.8 (8)
O4—C7—C8—C9	178.5 (7)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O3—H3O···O4ⁱ	0.81 (2)	1.95 (3)	2.734 (7)	162 (8)

Symmetry code: (i) −x, −y, −z+1.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Professor Dr. Hartmut, FG Strukturforschung, Material-und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universät Darmstadt, for his kind cooperation with the data collection, and for providing diffractometer time.

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