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Figure 2
(a) XR-HERFD contour plot of the average ratio of fluorescent counts to upstream ion-chamber counts of the crystal analysers in Mn metal. Two spectral features are observed. The first is the Kβ1,3 transition at an emission energy (Eem) of 6490.4 eV, which arises due to a 3p electron filling the vacancy of the core photoelectron. The second feature is the Kβ2,5 transition centred at Eem = 6535 eV, which arises predominantly due to 3d electrons filling the core vacancy. The incident energy (Einc) ranges are well above the K edge and hence the relative intensity of the two processes observed remains consistent. The structure of these two spectral features is evident in more detail in panel (b), which portrays an aggregated HERFD-XES slice of the contour plot from Einc = 7000 to 7160 eV. A logarithmic scale is required on the vertical axis to depict the Kβ2,5 transition in detail, which is suppressed by several orders of magnitude relative to Kβ1,3 due to its primary origin from quadrupole transitions. Notably, there are no spectral features evident in the high-energy (Eem > 6540 eV) region.

IUCrJ
Volume 12| Part 5| September 2025| Pages 548-562
ISSN: 2052-2525
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252525005573