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Figure 2
Schematic summary of our method for polar Fourier ab initio 3D reconstruction. Particles are Fourier transformed and converted to polar coordinates. At each iteration of expectation maximization, polar reprojection estimates are generated from the particles using the discrete SO(3) configuration obtained in the previous iteration. No 3D volume is needed or computed during the iterative process. A final 3D volume in Cartesian coordinates is reconstructed using the final relative 3D orientations assigned to the particles.

IUCrJ
Volume 13| Part 4| July 2026|
ISSN: 2052-2525
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252526003611