Supporting information
Crystallographic Information File (CIF) https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270102022369/fr1401sup1.cif | |
Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270102022369/fr1401Isup2.hkl | |
Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270102022369/fr1401IIsup3.hkl | |
Portable Document Format (PDF) file https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270102022369/fr1401sup4.pdf |
CCDC references: 205302; 205303
Compound (I) was synthesized from indane by a series of steps that included lithium-ammonia reduction and selective epoxidation (Giovanni & Wegmüller, 1958), acid-catalyzed rearrangement, and oxidative alkene cleavage (Carlsen et al., 1981). Compound (II) is a by-product, arising from incomplete oxidation. Both (I) and (II) are previously unreported, although their dioxatricyclic ring system is known (Mehta et al., 1987).
The CHCl3 IR spectrum of (I) displays a single intense C═O peak at 1797 cm−1. 1H NMR (δ, p.p.m.): 2.80 (2H, d, J = 19.17 Hz), 2.77 (2H, d, J = 19.16 Hz), 2.23 (2H, t, J = 7.12 Hz), 1.99 (2H, t, J = 6.57 Hz), 1.86 (2H, quintet, J = 6.57 and 7.12 Hz). 13C NMR (δ, p.p.m.): 173.42, 122.53, 49.61, 42.73. 40.04, 36.81, 23.68. Major EI/MS peaks appear at m/e 182 (M+, 0.7%), 154 (9.0), 110 (91.9), 82 (81.6), 67 (100), 55 (76.1) and 39 (53.6). Crystals of (I) (m.p. 379 K) suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained from CH2Cl2.
The KBr IR spectrum of (II) displays a single C═O peak at 1786 cm−1. 1H NMR (δ, p.p.m.): 5.62 (2H, d, J = 4.58 Hz), 2.80 (2H, d, J = 18.92 Hz), 2.66 (2H, d, J = 18.62 Hz), 2.20 (2H, m), 2.14 (2H, d J = 13.43 Hz), 2.02–1.94 (4H, m, including 1.86, 2H, dd, J = 13.43 and 4.58 Hz), 1.86 (4H, m), 1.70 (4H, m). 13C NMR (δ, p.p.m.): 176.74, 127.61, 103.29, 53.26, 45.86. 44.98, 40.45, 37.02, 24.64. Major EI/MS peaks appear at m/e 278 (1.2%), 167 (100), 149 (16.4), 139 (10.8), 125 (20.6), 110 (15.0), 95 (10.1), 67 (9.3) and 55 (12.7). Crystals of (II) (m.p. 465 K) suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained from methyl tert-butyl ether/CH2Cl2 (Ratio?).
All H atoms for (I) and (II) were found in electron-density difference maps, but were placed in calculated positions (C—H distances of 0.97 Å for methylene H atoms and 0.98 Å for methine H atoms) and allowed to refine as riding models on their respective C atoms, with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C). Atom C10 of (I) exhibited significant disordering [ratio 0.59:0.41 (2)].
For both compounds, data collection: XSCANS (Siemens, 1996); cell refinement: XSCANS; data reduction: XSCANS; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL; molecular graphics: SHELXTL; software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
C9H10O4 | Dx = 1.413 Mg m−3 |
Mr = 182.17 | Melting point: 379 K |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 12.697 (3) Å | Cell parameters from 27 reflections |
b = 12.240 (5) Å | θ = 3.8–8.8° |
c = 11.509 (4) Å | µ = 0.11 mm−1 |
β = 106.79 (2)° | T = 296 K |
V = 1712.4 (10) Å3 | Square tablet, yellow |
Z = 8 | 0.48 × 0.36 × 0.24 mm |
F(000) = 768 |
Siemens P4 diffractometer | 1898 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.017 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.4° |
2θ/θ scans | h = −15→14 |
Absorption correction: analytical (SHELXTL; Sheldrick, 1997) | k = −14→1 |
Tmin = 0.94, Tmax = 0.96 | l = −1→13 |
3839 measured reflections | 3 standard reflections every 97 reflections |
3008 independent reflections | intensity decay: variation <1.0% |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.055 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.158 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0611P)2 + 0.6938P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.04 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
3008 reflections | Δρmax = 0.27 e Å−3 |
243 parameters | Δρmin = −0.17 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.022 (2) |
C9H10O4 | V = 1712.4 (10) Å3 |
Mr = 182.17 | Z = 8 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 12.697 (3) Å | µ = 0.11 mm−1 |
b = 12.240 (5) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 11.509 (4) Å | 0.48 × 0.36 × 0.24 mm |
β = 106.79 (2)° |
Siemens P4 diffractometer | 1898 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Absorption correction: analytical (SHELXTL; Sheldrick, 1997) | Rint = 0.017 |
Tmin = 0.94, Tmax = 0.96 | 3 standard reflections every 97 reflections |
3839 measured reflections | intensity decay: variation <1.0% |
3008 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.055 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.158 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | Δρmax = 0.27 e Å−3 |
3008 reflections | Δρmin = −0.17 e Å−3 |
243 parameters |
Experimental. Crystal mounted on glass fiber using cyanoacrylate cement |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
C1 | 0.8734 (2) | 0.6685 (2) | 0.0381 (2) | 0.0586 (7) | |
O2 | 0.97789 (16) | 0.62141 (15) | 0.05275 (18) | 0.0649 (6) | |
O3 | 1.12482 (19) | 0.57662 (19) | 0.2010 (2) | 0.0901 (7) | |
C3 | 1.0336 (3) | 0.6111 (2) | 0.1718 (3) | 0.0631 (7) | |
C4 | 0.9644 (2) | 0.6465 (3) | 0.2485 (3) | 0.0680 (8) | |
H4A | 1.0037 | 0.6989 | 0.3088 | 0.082* | |
H4B | 0.9446 | 0.5844 | 0.2902 | 0.082* | |
C5 | 0.8629 (2) | 0.6980 (2) | 0.1649 (2) | 0.0506 (6) | |
C6 | 0.8635 (2) | 0.8211 (2) | 0.1637 (3) | 0.0645 (8) | |
H6A | 0.7974 | 0.8495 | 0.1791 | 0.077* | |
H6B | 0.9270 | 0.8490 | 0.2255 | 0.077* | |
O7 | 0.8671 (2) | 0.9431 (2) | 0.0000 (3) | 0.1242 (11) | |
C7 | 0.8679 (3) | 0.8538 (3) | 0.0411 (3) | 0.0777 (10) | |
O8 | 0.87170 (18) | 0.7662 (2) | −0.02718 (18) | 0.0807 (7) | |
C9 | 0.7788 (3) | 0.5961 (3) | −0.0246 (4) | 0.0985 (12) | |
H9A | 0.8000 | 0.5198 | −0.0166 | 0.118* | |
H9B | 0.7507 | 0.6143 | −0.1101 | 0.118* | |
C10 | 0.6944 (7) | 0.6206 (11) | 0.0419 (6) | 0.085 (3) | 0.59 (2) |
H10A | 0.6484 | 0.6815 | 0.0039 | 0.102* | 0.59 (2) |
H10B | 0.6477 | 0.5575 | 0.0397 | 0.102* | 0.59 (2) |
C10A | 0.7274 (7) | 0.5698 (11) | 0.0618 (6) | 0.090 (4) | 0.41 (2) |
H10E | 0.7498 | 0.4970 | 0.0923 | 0.107* | 0.41 (2) |
H10F | 0.6485 | 0.5688 | 0.0243 | 0.107* | 0.41 (2) |
C11 | 0.7537 (3) | 0.6472 (3) | 0.1657 (3) | 0.0786 (9) | |
H11A | 0.7664 | 0.5818 | 0.2153 | 0.094* | |
H11B | 0.7117 | 0.6984 | 0.1990 | 0.094* | |
C1' | 0.6211 (2) | 0.3713 (3) | 0.3302 (2) | 0.0626 (8) | |
O2' | 0.69620 (18) | 0.3770 (2) | 0.26048 (19) | 0.0854 (7) | |
O3' | 0.8705 (2) | 0.3466 (2) | 0.2786 (3) | 0.1194 (10) | |
C3' | 0.7978 (3) | 0.3440 (3) | 0.3246 (3) | 0.0762 (9) | |
C4' | 0.7971 (2) | 0.3069 (3) | 0.4451 (3) | 0.0752 (9) | |
H4'A | 0.8484 | 0.3495 | 0.5074 | 0.090* | |
H4'B | 0.8184 | 0.2306 | 0.4563 | 0.090* | |
C5' | 0.6815 (2) | 0.3217 (2) | 0.4533 (2) | 0.0556 (7) | |
C6' | 0.6683 (3) | 0.4093 (3) | 0.5407 (3) | 0.0714 (9) | |
H6'A | 0.6202 | 0.3841 | 0.5870 | 0.086* | |
H6'B | 0.7391 | 0.4279 | 0.5967 | 0.086* | |
O7' | 0.6025 (2) | 0.5935 (2) | 0.5001 (3) | 0.1211 (11) | |
C7' | 0.6204 (2) | 0.5042 (3) | 0.4671 (4) | 0.0758 (9) | |
O8' | 0.59176 (17) | 0.47929 (19) | 0.3478 (2) | 0.0827 (7) | |
C9' | 0.5256 (3) | 0.2979 (4) | 0.2718 (3) | 0.0935 (12) | |
H9'A | 0.4585 | 0.3240 | 0.2865 | 0.112* | |
H9'B | 0.5144 | 0.2925 | 0.1850 | 0.112* | |
C10' | 0.5600 (4) | 0.1920 (4) | 0.3323 (5) | 0.1297 (17) | |
H10C | 0.4963 | 0.1467 | 0.3278 | 0.156* | |
H10D | 0.6077 | 0.1535 | 0.2938 | 0.156* | |
C11' | 0.6177 (4) | 0.2165 (3) | 0.4566 (4) | 0.0990 (12) | |
H11C | 0.6676 | 0.1576 | 0.4925 | 0.119* | |
H11D | 0.5663 | 0.2268 | 0.5037 | 0.119* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.0563 (16) | 0.0664 (18) | 0.0557 (16) | 0.0044 (13) | 0.0206 (13) | −0.0052 (14) |
O2 | 0.0651 (12) | 0.0674 (12) | 0.0685 (13) | 0.0086 (10) | 0.0293 (10) | −0.0074 (10) |
O3 | 0.0681 (14) | 0.0922 (17) | 0.1095 (18) | 0.0319 (12) | 0.0250 (12) | 0.0122 (14) |
C3 | 0.0633 (18) | 0.0527 (16) | 0.074 (2) | 0.0088 (14) | 0.0218 (15) | 0.0080 (14) |
C4 | 0.0679 (18) | 0.077 (2) | 0.0612 (17) | 0.0139 (15) | 0.0229 (14) | 0.0159 (15) |
C5 | 0.0506 (14) | 0.0559 (15) | 0.0489 (14) | −0.0004 (12) | 0.0199 (11) | 0.0001 (12) |
C6 | 0.0676 (18) | 0.0611 (18) | 0.0721 (19) | 0.0087 (14) | 0.0315 (15) | −0.0008 (15) |
O7 | 0.145 (3) | 0.0855 (18) | 0.176 (3) | 0.0422 (16) | 0.100 (2) | 0.0645 (19) |
C7 | 0.074 (2) | 0.071 (2) | 0.103 (3) | 0.0252 (16) | 0.0497 (19) | 0.030 (2) |
O8 | 0.0946 (16) | 0.0955 (17) | 0.0612 (13) | 0.0282 (13) | 0.0373 (12) | 0.0212 (12) |
C9 | 0.076 (2) | 0.117 (3) | 0.098 (3) | −0.015 (2) | 0.017 (2) | −0.046 (2) |
C10 | 0.064 (4) | 0.095 (6) | 0.093 (5) | −0.019 (4) | 0.018 (3) | −0.011 (4) |
C10A | 0.103 (8) | 0.076 (7) | 0.086 (7) | −0.043 (6) | 0.022 (6) | 0.003 (5) |
C11 | 0.068 (2) | 0.081 (2) | 0.097 (2) | −0.0159 (17) | 0.0396 (18) | −0.0055 (19) |
C1' | 0.0528 (16) | 0.081 (2) | 0.0556 (17) | 0.0057 (14) | 0.0188 (13) | 0.0081 (15) |
O2' | 0.0794 (15) | 0.1149 (19) | 0.0723 (14) | 0.0173 (13) | 0.0386 (12) | 0.0302 (13) |
O3' | 0.1009 (19) | 0.111 (2) | 0.183 (3) | 0.0148 (16) | 0.098 (2) | 0.020 (2) |
C3' | 0.067 (2) | 0.0644 (19) | 0.111 (3) | 0.0059 (15) | 0.047 (2) | 0.0065 (19) |
C4' | 0.0689 (19) | 0.0682 (19) | 0.083 (2) | 0.0198 (16) | 0.0126 (16) | −0.0009 (17) |
C5' | 0.0574 (16) | 0.0545 (16) | 0.0519 (15) | −0.0035 (12) | 0.0112 (12) | 0.0049 (13) |
C6' | 0.0601 (17) | 0.093 (2) | 0.0606 (18) | −0.0106 (16) | 0.0172 (14) | −0.0136 (17) |
O7' | 0.0827 (17) | 0.0784 (18) | 0.213 (3) | −0.0035 (13) | 0.060 (2) | −0.0432 (19) |
C7' | 0.0465 (16) | 0.068 (2) | 0.118 (3) | −0.0040 (15) | 0.0303 (18) | −0.009 (2) |
O8' | 0.0721 (14) | 0.0809 (16) | 0.0960 (18) | 0.0226 (11) | 0.0255 (12) | 0.0270 (13) |
C9' | 0.064 (2) | 0.152 (4) | 0.060 (2) | −0.010 (2) | 0.0108 (16) | −0.023 (2) |
C10' | 0.130 (4) | 0.122 (4) | 0.136 (4) | −0.058 (3) | 0.037 (3) | −0.041 (3) |
C11' | 0.139 (3) | 0.071 (2) | 0.093 (3) | −0.032 (2) | 0.043 (2) | 0.0000 (19) |
C1—O8 | 1.409 (3) | C11—H11A | 0.9700 |
C1—O2 | 1.411 (3) | C11—H11B | 0.9700 |
C1—C9 | 1.500 (4) | C1'—O8' | 1.404 (4) |
C1—C5 | 1.547 (4) | C1'—O2' | 1.414 (3) |
O2—C3 | 1.354 (3) | C1'—C9' | 1.502 (4) |
O3—C3 | 1.186 (3) | C1'—C5' | 1.528 (4) |
C3—C4 | 1.480 (4) | O2'—C3' | 1.350 (4) |
C4—C5 | 1.505 (4) | O3'—C3' | 1.190 (4) |
C4—H4A | 0.9700 | C3'—C4' | 1.462 (4) |
C4—H4B | 0.9700 | C4'—C5' | 1.509 (4) |
C5—C6 | 1.506 (4) | C4'—H4'A | 0.9700 |
C5—C11 | 1.522 (4) | C4'—H4'B | 0.9700 |
C6—C7 | 1.483 (4) | C5'—C6' | 1.512 (4) |
C6—H6A | 0.9700 | C5'—C11' | 1.528 (4) |
C6—H6B | 0.9700 | C6'—C7' | 1.463 (5) |
O7—C7 | 1.190 (4) | C6'—H6'A | 0.9700 |
C7—O8 | 1.338 (4) | C6'—H6'B | 0.9700 |
C9—C10A | 1.376 (6) | O7'—C7' | 1.200 (4) |
C9—C10 | 1.515 (8) | C7'—O8' | 1.350 (4) |
C9—H9A | 0.9700 | C9'—C10' | 1.476 (6) |
C9—H9B | 0.9700 | C9'—H9'A | 0.9700 |
C10—C11 | 1.444 (6) | C9'—H9'B | 0.9700 |
C10—H10A | 0.9700 | C10'—C11' | 1.438 (5) |
C10—H10B | 0.9700 | C10'—H10C | 0.9700 |
C10A—C11 | 1.486 (7) | C10'—H10D | 0.9700 |
C10A—H10E | 0.9699 | C11'—H11C | 0.9700 |
C10A—H10F | 0.9700 | C11'—H11D | 0.9700 |
O8—C1—O2 | 106.3 (2) | C10A—C11—H11A | 84.7 |
O8—C1—C9 | 111.0 (3) | C5—C11—H11A | 110.2 |
O2—C1—C9 | 114.3 (3) | C10—C11—H11B | 110.2 |
O8—C1—C5 | 108.2 (2) | C10A—C11—H11B | 135.0 |
O2—C1—C5 | 108.5 (2) | C5—C11—H11B | 110.2 |
C9—C1—C5 | 108.4 (2) | H11A—C11—H11B | 108.5 |
C3—O2—C1 | 111.0 (2) | O8'—C1'—O2' | 106.6 (2) |
O3—C3—O2 | 120.2 (3) | O8'—C1'—C9' | 114.5 (3) |
O3—C3—C4 | 129.4 (3) | O2'—C1'—C9' | 111.4 (3) |
O2—C3—C4 | 110.5 (2) | O8'—C1'—C5' | 108.8 (2) |
C3—C4—C5 | 106.7 (2) | O2'—C1'—C5' | 107.8 (2) |
C3—C4—H4A | 110.4 | C9'—C1'—C5' | 107.6 (3) |
C5—C4—H4A | 110.4 | C3'—O2'—C1' | 111.7 (2) |
C3—C4—H4B | 110.4 | O3'—C3'—O2' | 119.4 (3) |
C5—C4—H4B | 110.4 | O3'—C3'—C4' | 130.4 (3) |
H4A—C4—H4B | 108.6 | O2'—C3'—C4' | 110.2 (3) |
C4—C5—C6 | 114.8 (2) | C3'—C4'—C5' | 107.1 (2) |
C4—C5—C11 | 116.0 (2) | C3'—C4'—H4'A | 110.3 |
C6—C5—C11 | 114.5 (2) | C5'—C4'—H4'A | 110.3 |
C4—C5—C1 | 102.4 (2) | C3'—C4'—H4'B | 110.3 |
C6—C5—C1 | 102.9 (2) | C5'—C4'—H4'B | 110.3 |
C11—C5—C1 | 103.7 (2) | H4'A—C4'—H4'B | 108.5 |
C7—C6—C5 | 106.2 (2) | C4'—C5'—C6' | 115.1 (2) |
C7—C6—H6A | 110.5 | C4'—C5'—C11' | 115.6 (3) |
C5—C6—H6A | 110.5 | C6'—C5'—C11' | 114.8 (3) |
C7—C6—H6B | 110.5 | C4'—C5'—C1' | 103.1 (2) |
C5—C6—H6B | 110.5 | C6'—C5'—C1' | 102.3 (2) |
H6A—C6—H6B | 108.7 | C11'—C5'—C1' | 103.3 (2) |
O7—C7—O8 | 120.0 (3) | C7'—C6'—C5' | 106.6 (3) |
O7—C7—C6 | 128.9 (4) | C7'—C6'—H6'A | 110.4 |
O8—C7—C6 | 111.2 (3) | C5'—C6'—H6'A | 110.4 |
C7—O8—C1 | 111.4 (2) | C7'—C6'—H6'B | 110.4 |
C10A—C9—C1 | 105.8 (3) | C5'—C6'—H6'B | 110.4 |
C1—C9—C10 | 103.1 (3) | H6'A—C6'—H6'B | 108.6 |
C10A—C9—H9A | 83.3 | O7'—C7'—O8' | 120.5 (4) |
C1—C9—H9A | 111.2 | O7'—C7'—C6' | 128.7 (4) |
C10—C9—H9A | 111.2 | O8'—C7'—C6' | 110.7 (3) |
C10A—C9—H9B | 132.5 | C7'—O8'—C1' | 110.8 (2) |
C1—C9—H9B | 111.2 | C10'—C9'—C1' | 102.9 (3) |
C10—C9—H9B | 111.2 | C10'—C9'—H9'A | 111.2 |
H9A—C9—H9B | 109.1 | C1'—C9'—H9'A | 111.2 |
C11—C10—C9 | 107.4 (6) | C10'—C9'—H9'B | 111.2 |
C11—C10—H10A | 110.2 | C1'—C9'—H9'B | 111.2 |
C9—C10—H10A | 110.2 | H9'A—C9'—H9'B | 109.1 |
C11—C10—H10B | 110.2 | C11'—C10'—C9' | 106.4 (4) |
C9—C10—H10B | 110.2 | C11'—C10'—H10C | 110.4 |
H10A—C10—H10B | 108.5 | C9'—C10'—H10C | 110.4 |
C9—C10A—C11 | 112.9 (5) | C11'—C10'—H10D | 110.4 |
C9—C10A—H10E | 109.1 | C9'—C10'—H10D | 110.4 |
C11—C10A—H10E | 108.7 | H10C—C10'—H10D | 108.6 |
C9—C10A—H10F | 109.0 | C10'—C11'—C5' | 105.8 (3) |
C11—C10A—H10F | 109.3 | C10'—C11'—H11C | 110.6 |
H10E—C10A—H10F | 107.8 | C5'—C11'—H11C | 110.6 |
C10—C11—C5 | 107.6 (3) | C10'—C11'—H11D | 110.6 |
C10A—C11—C5 | 104.4 (3) | C5'—C11'—H11D | 110.6 |
C10—C11—H11A | 110.2 | H11C—C11'—H11D | 108.7 |
O8—C1—O2—C3 | 119.5 (2) | C4—C5—C11—C10 | −126.5 (7) |
C9—C1—O2—C3 | −117.8 (3) | C6—C5—C11—C10 | 96.2 (7) |
C5—C1—O2—C3 | 3.3 (3) | C1—C5—C11—C10 | −15.2 (7) |
C1—O2—C3—O3 | −177.2 (3) | C4—C5—C11—C10A | −95.9 (6) |
C1—O2—C3—C4 | 3.4 (3) | C6—C5—C11—C10A | 126.8 (6) |
O3—C3—C4—C5 | 171.9 (3) | C1—C5—C11—C10A | 15.4 (6) |
O2—C3—C4—C5 | −8.8 (3) | O8'—C1'—O2'—C3' | 113.1 (3) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −100.7 (3) | C9'—C1'—O2'—C3' | −121.4 (3) |
C3—C4—C5—C11 | 122.1 (3) | C5'—C1'—O2'—C3' | −3.6 (3) |
C3—C4—C5—C1 | 10.0 (3) | C1'—O2'—C3'—O3' | −178.4 (3) |
O8—C1—C5—C4 | −123.2 (2) | C1'—O2'—C3'—C4' | 3.0 (4) |
O2—C1—C5—C4 | −8.3 (3) | O3'—C3'—C4'—C5' | −179.5 (4) |
C9—C1—C5—C4 | 116.3 (3) | O2'—C3'—C4'—C5' | −1.1 (4) |
O8—C1—C5—C6 | −3.8 (3) | C3'—C4'—C5'—C6' | −111.6 (3) |
O2—C1—C5—C6 | 111.1 (2) | C3'—C4'—C5'—C11' | 110.9 (3) |
C9—C1—C5—C6 | −124.3 (3) | C3'—C4'—C5'—C1' | −1.1 (3) |
O8—C1—C5—C11 | 115.8 (2) | O8'—C1'—C5'—C4' | −112.5 (2) |
O2—C1—C5—C11 | −129.3 (2) | O2'—C1'—C5'—C4' | 2.7 (3) |
C9—C1—C5—C11 | −4.6 (3) | C9'—C1'—C5'—C4' | 123.0 (3) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | 113.2 (3) | O8'—C1'—C5'—C6' | 7.3 (3) |
C11—C5—C6—C7 | −109.0 (3) | O2'—C1'—C5'—C6' | 122.5 (3) |
C1—C5—C6—C7 | 2.8 (3) | C9'—C1'—C5'—C6' | −117.3 (3) |
C5—C6—C7—O7 | 178.0 (3) | O8'—C1'—C5'—C11' | 126.8 (3) |
C5—C6—C7—O8 | −0.9 (3) | O2'—C1'—C5'—C11' | −118.0 (3) |
O7—C7—O8—C1 | 179.3 (3) | C9'—C1'—C5'—C11' | 2.3 (3) |
C6—C7—O8—C1 | −1.6 (3) | C4'—C5'—C6'—C7' | 102.5 (3) |
O2—C1—O8—C7 | −112.8 (3) | C11'—C5'—C6'—C7' | −119.6 (3) |
C9—C1—O8—C7 | 122.4 (3) | C1'—C5'—C6'—C7' | −8.5 (3) |
C5—C1—O8—C7 | 3.5 (3) | C5'—C6'—C7'—O7' | −175.0 (3) |
O8—C1—C9—C10A | −127.7 (7) | C5'—C6'—C7'—O8' | 7.4 (3) |
O2—C1—C9—C10A | 112.2 (7) | O7'—C7'—O8'—C1' | 179.5 (3) |
C5—C1—C9—C10A | −9.0 (8) | C6'—C7'—O8'—C1' | −2.6 (3) |
O8—C1—C9—C10 | −97.3 (6) | O2'—C1'—O8'—C7' | −119.2 (2) |
O2—C1—C9—C10 | 142.5 (6) | C9'—C1'—O8'—C7' | 117.2 (3) |
C5—C1—C9—C10 | 21.4 (6) | C5'—C1'—O8'—C7' | −3.2 (3) |
C10A—C9—C10—C11 | 67.6 (7) | O8'—C1'—C9'—C10' | −144.3 (3) |
C1—C9—C10—C11 | −31.4 (9) | O2'—C1'—C9'—C10' | 94.7 (3) |
C1—C9—C10A—C11 | 20.2 (11) | C5'—C1'—C9'—C10' | −23.3 (4) |
C10—C9—C10A—C11 | −68.5 (9) | C1'—C9'—C10'—C11' | 37.0 (4) |
C9—C10—C11—C10A | −58.7 (7) | C9'—C10'—C11'—C5' | −36.4 (5) |
C9—C10—C11—C5 | 29.5 (9) | C4'—C5'—C11'—C10' | −91.4 (4) |
C9—C10A—C11—C10 | 77.1 (9) | C6'—C5'—C11'—C10' | 131.0 (4) |
C9—C10A—C11—C5 | −23.3 (11) | C1'—C5'—C11'—C10' | 20.4 (4) |
C18H22O7 | Dx = 1.382 Mg m−3 |
Mr = 350.36 | Melting point: 465 K |
Orthorhombic, Fdd2 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 11.571 (5) Å | Cell parameters from 20 reflections |
b = 27.069 (10) Å | θ = 2.7–6.2° |
c = 10.754 (5) Å | µ = 0.11 mm−1 |
V = 3368 (2) Å3 | T = 296 K |
Z = 8 | Parallelepiped, colourless |
F(000) = 1488 | 0.44 × 0.38 × 0.12 mm |
Siemens P4 diffractometer | 463 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.061 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.7° |
2θ/θ scans | h = −13→13 |
Absorption correction: numerical (SHELXTL; Sheldrick, 1997) | k = −32→32 |
Tmin = 0.96, Tmax = 0.99 | l = −12→12 |
1578 measured reflections | 3 standard reflections every 97 reflections |
789 independent reflections | intensity decay: variation <1.6% |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.050 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.082 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0143P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
789 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
114 parameters | Δρmax = 0.11 e Å−3 |
1 restraint | Δρmin = −0.13 e Å−3 |
C18H22O7 | V = 3368 (2) Å3 |
Mr = 350.36 | Z = 8 |
Orthorhombic, Fdd2 | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 11.571 (5) Å | µ = 0.11 mm−1 |
b = 27.069 (10) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 10.754 (5) Å | 0.44 × 0.38 × 0.12 mm |
Siemens P4 diffractometer | 463 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Absorption correction: numerical (SHELXTL; Sheldrick, 1997) | Rint = 0.061 |
Tmin = 0.96, Tmax = 0.99 | 3 standard reflections every 97 reflections |
1578 measured reflections | intensity decay: variation <1.6% |
789 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.050 | 1 restraint |
wR(F2) = 0.082 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | Δρmax = 0.11 e Å−3 |
789 reflections | Δρmin = −0.13 e Å−3 |
114 parameters |
Experimental. Crystal mounted on glass fiber using cyanoacrylate cement |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O2 | 0.6380 (3) | 0.35079 (12) | 0.5720 (3) | 0.0636 (10) | |
O3 | 0.7379 (3) | 0.36642 (13) | 0.7441 (4) | 0.0851 (13) | |
O7 | 0.7500 | 0.2500 | 0.5725 (4) | 0.0586 (13) | |
O8 | 0.6108 (3) | 0.28387 (14) | 0.4388 (3) | 0.0679 (11) | |
C1 | 0.5562 (5) | 0.31514 (18) | 0.5266 (5) | 0.0539 (13) | |
C3 | 0.6640 (5) | 0.34280 (19) | 0.6933 (5) | 0.0582 (15) | |
C4 | 0.5898 (4) | 0.30279 (16) | 0.7460 (4) | 0.0560 (13) | |
C5 | 0.5182 (4) | 0.28239 (17) | 0.6385 (5) | 0.0517 (13) | |
C6 | 0.5524 (5) | 0.23048 (18) | 0.5958 (5) | 0.0632 (16) | |
C7 | 0.6472 (5) | 0.24046 (18) | 0.5046 (6) | 0.0662 (15) | |
C9 | 0.4486 (4) | 0.3397 (2) | 0.4729 (6) | 0.0738 (18) | |
C10 | 0.3504 (5) | 0.3049 (2) | 0.5156 (6) | 0.0795 (18) | |
C11 | 0.3872 (5) | 0.2900 (2) | 0.6461 (5) | 0.0710 (17) | |
H4A | 0.5397 | 0.3159 | 0.8104 | 0.067* | |
H4B | 0.6373 | 0.2769 | 0.7820 | 0.067* | |
H6A | 0.5799 | 0.2107 | 0.6650 | 0.076* | |
H6B | 0.4880 | 0.2137 | 0.5565 | 0.076* | |
H7B | 0.6575 | 0.2125 | 0.4477 | 0.079* | |
H9A | 0.4525 | 0.3415 | 0.3830 | 0.089* | |
H9B | 0.4383 | 0.3727 | 0.5063 | 0.089* | |
H10A | 0.2767 | 0.3220 | 0.5169 | 0.095* | |
H10B | 0.3445 | 0.2763 | 0.4616 | 0.095* | |
H11A | 0.3489 | 0.2597 | 0.6712 | 0.085* | |
H11B | 0.3684 | 0.3157 | 0.7055 | 0.085* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O2 | 0.068 (2) | 0.054 (2) | 0.069 (3) | −0.0108 (19) | −0.014 (2) | 0.012 (2) |
O3 | 0.086 (3) | 0.078 (3) | 0.092 (3) | −0.023 (2) | −0.028 (3) | −0.014 (2) |
O7 | 0.059 (3) | 0.068 (3) | 0.049 (3) | 0.008 (3) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
O8 | 0.075 (3) | 0.082 (3) | 0.047 (2) | 0.011 (2) | −0.003 (2) | 0.001 (2) |
C1 | 0.061 (3) | 0.050 (3) | 0.051 (3) | 0.001 (3) | −0.012 (3) | 0.002 (3) |
C3 | 0.062 (4) | 0.056 (4) | 0.057 (4) | 0.007 (3) | −0.010 (3) | −0.006 (3) |
C4 | 0.066 (3) | 0.051 (3) | 0.051 (3) | −0.003 (3) | 0.000 (3) | −0.001 (3) |
C5 | 0.055 (3) | 0.045 (3) | 0.056 (3) | −0.006 (3) | 0.001 (3) | −0.003 (3) |
C6 | 0.070 (4) | 0.055 (4) | 0.065 (4) | −0.005 (3) | −0.005 (3) | −0.002 (3) |
C7 | 0.085 (4) | 0.054 (3) | 0.060 (4) | 0.012 (3) | −0.010 (4) | −0.013 (3) |
C9 | 0.068 (4) | 0.075 (4) | 0.079 (5) | 0.003 (3) | −0.017 (4) | 0.008 (3) |
C10 | 0.065 (4) | 0.089 (4) | 0.085 (5) | 0.007 (3) | −0.022 (4) | −0.015 (4) |
C11 | 0.067 (4) | 0.072 (4) | 0.074 (4) | −0.007 (3) | 0.009 (4) | −0.016 (3) |
O2—C3 | 1.356 (6) | C9—C10 | 1.545 (7) |
O2—C1 | 1.437 (6) | C10—C11 | 1.521 (7) |
O3—C3 | 1.199 (5) | C4—H4A | 0.9700 |
O7—C7 | 1.419 (5) | C4—H4B | 0.9700 |
O7—C7i | 1.419 (5) | C6—H6A | 0.9700 |
O8—C1 | 1.417 (6) | C6—H6B | 0.9700 |
O8—C7 | 1.435 (6) | C7—H7B | 0.9800 |
C1—C9 | 1.525 (6) | C9—H9A | 0.9700 |
C1—C5 | 1.558 (7) | C9—H9B | 0.9700 |
C3—C4 | 1.494 (6) | C10—H10A | 0.9700 |
C4—C5 | 1.526 (6) | C10—H10B | 0.9700 |
C5—C6 | 1.531 (6) | C11—H11A | 0.9700 |
C5—C11 | 1.531 (6) | C11—H11B | 0.9700 |
C6—C7 | 1.496 (7) | ||
C3—O2—C1 | 111.4 (4) | C5—C4—H4A | 110.4 |
C7—O7—C7i | 118.1 (6) | C3—C4—H4B | 110.4 |
C1—O8—C7 | 106.9 (4) | C5—C4—H4B | 110.4 |
O8—C1—O2 | 109.5 (4) | H4A—C4—H4B | 108.6 |
O8—C1—C9 | 111.8 (5) | C7—C6—H6A | 111.2 |
O2—C1—C9 | 111.9 (4) | C5—C6—H6A | 111.2 |
O8—C1—C5 | 107.5 (4) | C7—C6—H6B | 111.2 |
O2—C1—C5 | 107.8 (4) | C5—C6—H6B | 111.2 |
C9—C1—C5 | 108.1 (4) | H6A—C6—H6B | 109.1 |
O3—C3—O2 | 120.8 (5) | O7—C7—H7B | 111.1 |
O3—C3—C4 | 128.5 (5) | O8—C7—H7B | 111.1 |
O2—C3—C4 | 110.7 (5) | C6—C7—H7B | 111.1 |
C3—C4—C5 | 106.6 (4) | C1—C9—H9A | 111.2 |
C4—C5—C6 | 114.8 (4) | C10—C9—H9A | 111.2 |
C4—C5—C11 | 116.6 (5) | C1—C9—H9B | 111.2 |
C6—C5—C11 | 113.3 (4) | C10—C9—H9B | 111.2 |
C4—C5—C1 | 103.1 (3) | H9A—C9—H9B | 109.1 |
C6—C5—C1 | 102.6 (4) | C11—C10—H10A | 111.1 |
C11—C5—C1 | 104.1 (4) | C9—C10—H10A | 111.1 |
C7—C6—C5 | 102.7 (4) | C11—C10—H10B | 111.1 |
O7—C7—O8 | 110.5 (4) | C9—C10—H10B | 111.1 |
O7—C7—C6 | 108.1 (5) | H10A—C10—H10B | 109.1 |
O8—C7—C6 | 104.9 (4) | C10—C11—H11A | 110.7 |
C1—C9—C10 | 102.8 (4) | C5—C11—H11A | 110.7 |
C11—C10—C9 | 103.3 (5) | C10—C11—H11B | 110.7 |
C10—C11—C5 | 105.3 (5) | C5—C11—H11B | 110.7 |
C3—C4—H4A | 110.4 | H11A—C11—H11B | 108.8 |
C7—O8—C1—O2 | 95.9 (5) | O2—C1—C5—C11 | 120.5 (4) |
C7—O8—C1—C9 | −139.5 (4) | C9—C1—C5—C11 | −0.6 (5) |
C7—O8—C1—C5 | −21.0 (5) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | −86.2 (5) |
C3—O2—C1—O8 | −111.7 (4) | C11—C5—C6—C7 | 136.4 (5) |
C3—O2—C1—C9 | 123.7 (5) | C1—C5—C6—C7 | 24.8 (5) |
C3—O2—C1—C5 | 5.0 (5) | C7i—O7—C7—O8 | −67.0 (4) |
C1—O2—C3—O3 | 173.9 (5) | C7i—O7—C7—C6 | 178.7 (4) |
C1—O2—C3—C4 | −6.2 (5) | C1—O8—C7—O7 | −78.4 (5) |
O3—C3—C4—C5 | −175.2 (5) | C1—O8—C7—C6 | 37.8 (5) |
O2—C3—C4—C5 | 4.9 (5) | C5—C6—C7—O7 | 79.2 (5) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | 109.0 (4) | C5—C6—C7—O8 | −38.7 (5) |
C3—C4—C5—C11 | −115.1 (5) | O8—C1—C9—C10 | 95.0 (5) |
C3—C4—C5—C1 | −1.7 (5) | O2—C1—C9—C10 | −141.7 (5) |
O8—C1—C5—C4 | 116.3 (4) | C5—C1—C9—C10 | −23.1 (6) |
O2—C1—C5—C4 | −1.7 (5) | C1—C9—C10—C11 | 38.3 (5) |
C9—C1—C5—C4 | −122.8 (5) | C9—C10—C11—C5 | −39.7 (5) |
O8—C1—C5—C6 | −3.3 (5) | C4—C5—C11—C10 | 137.6 (4) |
O2—C1—C5—C6 | −121.2 (4) | C6—C5—C11—C10 | −85.8 (5) |
C9—C1—C5—C6 | 117.6 (5) | C1—C5—C11—C10 | 24.8 (5) |
O8—C1—C5—C11 | −121.5 (4) |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+3/2, −y+1/2, z. |
Experimental details
(I) | (II) | |
Crystal data | ||
Chemical formula | C9H10O4 | C18H22O7 |
Mr | 182.17 | 350.36 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c | Orthorhombic, Fdd2 |
Temperature (K) | 296 | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 12.697 (3), 12.240 (5), 11.509 (4) | 11.571 (5), 27.069 (10), 10.754 (5) |
α, β, γ (°) | 90, 106.79 (2), 90 | 90, 90, 90 |
V (Å3) | 1712.4 (10) | 3368 (2) |
Z | 8 | 8 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.11 | 0.11 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.48 × 0.36 × 0.24 | 0.44 × 0.38 × 0.12 |
Data collection | ||
Diffractometer | Siemens P4 diffractometer | Siemens P4 diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Analytical (SHELXTL; Sheldrick, 1997) | Numerical (SHELXTL; Sheldrick, 1997) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.94, 0.96 | 0.96, 0.99 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 3839, 3008, 1898 | 1578, 789, 463 |
Rint | 0.017 | 0.061 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.595 | 0.595 |
Refinement | ||
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.055, 0.158, 1.04 | 0.050, 0.082, 1.00 |
No. of reflections | 3008 | 789 |
No. of parameters | 243 | 114 |
No. of restraints | 0 | 1 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.27, −0.17 | 0.11, −0.13 |
Computer programs: XSCANS (Siemens, 1996), XSCANS, SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXTL.
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The propellanoids are an important class of fused polycyclic compounds in which three rings all share the same pair of adjacent tetrahedral atoms. A number of propellanoid natural products offer tempting and extraordinarily challenging synthetic targets (Corey & Cheng, 1989). Syntheses of propellanoids, despite their being widely ignored in historical accounts, actually reach back at least into the mid-1930 s, with reports of both carbocyclic (Fieser & Dunn, 1936) and heterocyclic examples (Diels & Friedrichsen, 1934; Fieser & Hershberg, 1936; Alder & Backendorf, 1938) arising from studies involving the Diels-Alder reaction. Syntheses specifically aimed at propellanoids per se first appeared in the mid-1960 s (Snatzke & Zanati, 1965; Nerdel et al., 1965; Altman et al., 1966; Thompson, 1966, 1968), and the name `propellanoid' and their recognition as a distinct class originated during this period (Altman et al., 1966). Since that time, numerous propellanoids have been reported, and our own investigations have produced several heterocyclic examples (Thompson, 1967; Zwege et al., 1999; Tsao et al., 2002), among them the two new compounds, (I) and (II), whose solid-state structures we now report. \sch
Fig. 1 shows the asymmetric unit for (I), which is the dilactone acylal of cyclopentanone-2,2-diacetic acid. In the subsequent discussion, primed numbering is used for the second of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Although the molecule contains a potential plane of symmetry, both (I) and (I') have conformational chirality, due to flexing of the various rings. The lactone rings depart only slightly from planarity, with atoms O3 and O7 removed 0.125 (4) and −0.013 (5) Å from, and atoms O3' and O7' tilted 0.015 (5) and 0.074 (4) Å out of, their respective ring planes. The carbon ring in both (I) and (I') adopts an envelope conformation. The dihedral angle C9'-C10'-C11' versus C9'-C1'-C5'-C11' is 37.0 (3)°, and removes atom C10' from the plane of the remaining C atoms of its ring by 0.524 (7) Å.
In component (I), this folded conformation for the carbon ring displays a disorder, corresponding to a flexing motion for atom C10, which is resolvable into two components. The predominant species in this 59 (2):41 (2) disorder (Fig. 1) has atom C10 lying over the C6—C7—O8 ring, 0.44 (2) Å out of the C9—C1—C5—C11 plane, with a dihedral angle of 30.4 (6)° between the latter plane and C9—C10—C11. In the 41% component, atom C10A lies over the other lactone ring (O2—C3—C4), −0.300 (16) Å out of the C9—C1—C5—C11 plane, with a dihedral angle of 22.3 (14)° between the latter plane and C9—C10A—C11. We have no information as to whether this disorder is a dynamic wagging or is static.
From studies of ring-chain tautomerism, it is known that γ-lactones are generally more stable than their δ homologs, so that acylglutaric acid cases similar to (I) tend to close spontaneously (Soffer et al., 1950; Valente et al., 1998), while in the six-membered counterparts, this equilibrium must often be driven to closure (Thompson, 1967).
Three significant intermolecular C—H···O close contacts were found in the packing of (I), namely from atom O3 to H6'B (2.47 Å), between atoms O7 and H4'A (2.55 Å), and between atoms O3' and H6B (2.58 Å). These distances all lie within the 2.7 Å range we often employ for non-bonded C—H···O packing interactions (Steiner, 1997). Based on compiled data for a large number of C—H···O contacts, Steiner & Desiraju (1998) found significant statistical directionality even as far out as 3.0 Å, and concluded that these are legitimately viewed as `weak hydrogen bonds', with a greater contribution to packing forces than simple van der Waals attractions.
Compound (II) is a furanosyl furanoside dimer derived from the monoacid monoaldehyde corresponding to (I). Fig. 2 shows its full structure, which consists of two asymmetric units related by a twofold axis through atom O7. Compound (II) is therefore non-meso, but is racemic overall. The atom-numbering scheme is identical for the two halves of the full molecule. As in (I), the lactone ring is the most planar and the carbon ring the least planar of the three, with the acetal ring significantly flexed as well. Within the asymmetric unit, the stereochemistry of the furanosyl acetal ring involves extension of atom O7 in the direction of the lactone ring and of atom H7 toward the carbon ring. Of all the diastereomers possible, compound (II), having stereochemically and chirally identical subunits, seems to have been formed in high predominance in this process, although another apparent isomer was found (gas chromatography/MS) in the mixture. The selectivity involved may have been due to displacement of equilibria by selective precipitation. One intermolecular C—H···O close contact was found within 2.7 Å, namely between atoms O2 and H11B (2.59 Å).
The essential characteristic core of two attached quaternary sites in propellanoids represents a region of high atom- and ring-density. Small members of this class consequently have less void space and potentially higher crystal density than other comparable aliphatic compounds, as is the case for both (I) and (II), whose crystal densities are 1.413 and 1.382 Mg m−3, respectively. A similar but even higher crystal density (1.452 Mg m−3) is seen in the transoid analog of (I) (Tsao et al., 2002). This density potential may not be realised in cases where the packing is dominated by hydrogen-bonding forces, which can actually prevent the closest possible (van der Waals) packing. Thus, the C13 propellanoid keto lactam described by Zwege et al. (1999), the packing of which is determined by hydrogen bonding in both its reported crystalline modifications, has crystal densities of 1.229 and 1.275 Mg m−3. These values are entirely normal for aliphatic species, but markedly lower than those found for (I) and (II), in which hydrogen bonding is absent.