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Figure 12
Predictions by AC4DC (top) and PICLS (Royle et al., 2017View full citation) (bottom) for the (a) ion fractions and (b) normalized electron density of an XFEL-driven solid Al plasma. Maxwellian fits to low-energy electrons are shown as dashed lines. Both simulations model peak intensities of 1.36 × 1017 W cm−2. In the PICLS simulations, the spatial pulse profile is approximately homogeneous.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 32| Part 5| September 2025| Pages 1124-1142
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525005934
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