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Figure 13
Normalized electron densities of Al plasma from AC4DC (top) and PICLS (bottom) (Royle et al., 2017View full citation) simulations under a 10 keV 20 fs FWHM Gaussian pulse. Times are denoted relative to the pulse peak. Both simulations model peak intensities of 1 × 1019 W cm−2. Here, PICLS models the radial intensity profile with a super-Gaussian approximately equivalent to a square profile. Dashed lines show the Maxwellian fits to the low-energy electrons at t = 30 fs (<2 keV for the AC4DC trace).

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 32| Part 5| September 2025| Pages 1124-1142
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525005934
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