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Figure 4
Contribution of each element to the global ionization in the lysozyme.Gd target. Panel (a) plots the average charge of each light-atom species. Panels (b) and (c) trace the collective free-electron density of the EII cascades seeded by each light-atom species and heavy-atom species, respectively. The traces in (b) and (c) correspond to all cascades initiated by photoionization (solid) or Auger decay (dashed) within the population of the denoted atomic species (subscripts in the legend give the population per unit cell). Note that these traces sum to the total free-electron density of the system, minus the negligible hydrogen photoelectron density. It can be seen that both photo- and Auger electrons ejected by heavy elements are significant to the global ionization dynamics. At all times, the heavy-element cascades (c) constitute the majority of the free-electron density (58% at t = 0). Secondary ionization of heavy elements was ignored in these simulations. Pulse parameters match those given in Fig. 2[link].

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 32| Part 5| September 2025| Pages 1124-1142
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525005934
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