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Figure 6
Relationship between light-atom ionization and the energy of photoelectrons ejected by trace heavy elements. Each trace corresponds to a target of composition C613N193O185X10, where X is the dopant denoted in the legend. Panel (a) shows the intensity-averaged charge of carbon against the photon energy of the pulse. The points are shifted in (b) to align with the separation between the deepest ionizable shell (DIS) of the dopants at 18 keV and the photon energy, representing the lowest-energy photoelectrons emitted by the DIS (when positive). While the severity of ionization varies considerably between targets at any given photon energy, the traces in (b) form two distinct groups according to the shell number of the DIS (annotated). The interpolating lines are included as a guide for the eye. Photon fluence was fixed at 1012 photons µm−2, using a 15 fs FWHM Gaussian profile. Simulations were run from −18 fs to +18 fs relative to the pulse peak.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 32| Part 5| September 2025| Pages 1124-1142
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525005934
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