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Figure 4
Schematic representation of the magnetic field lines and the forces experienced by vertically separated microbunches as they pass through different types of magnets. (a) In a quadrupole magnet, the upper microbunch is subjected to an upward force, while the lower microbunch experiences a downward force, affecting their vertical separation. (b) In a sextupole magnet, both microbunches experience forces in the same horizontal direction, potentially leading to horizontal offsets or coupling effects. (c) In an octupole magnet, the forces resemble those in a quadrupole, similarly affecting beam dynamics.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 32| Part 6| November 2025| Pages 1380-1389
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525007374
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