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Figure 1
In the case of a traditional κ system (a), the alignment carriage moves the perfectly adjusted goniometer along different directions to meet the beam (red), the focal plane of the centring view (orange) by the φ and ω axes, and the centring point by the κ axis (blue). The three-dimensional centring stage is then used to move the sample to the centring point. In the case of an inverse-κ system (b), the centring stage is placed between the ω and κ axes, allowing for miniaturization of the instrument and reducing the risk of collisions during operation. Since the blue direction of the alignment carriage for adjusting the κ axis is no longer used, re-purposing it for sample centring reduces the scope of the centring stage to two dimensions, allowing a further miniaturization as implemented in the ESRF/EMBL mini-κ system.

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