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Figure 1
Sketch of the principles of an XPS experiment. A target is irradiated by a photon beam, some of which interacts with matter. From the interaction, PEs are being emitted in every direction following a probability distribution defined by the photoionization cross-section. The cross-section is defined from the initial Ψi,N and final Ψf,N states of the system made up of the molecules containing the element under investigation. The notation (Hüfner, 2003BB40) implies that the system has N bounded electrons before the interaction with the photon and N − 1 after. The state of the photoelectron before the interaction [\varphi_{i}^{\,1s}] is bounded and after interaction [\varphi_{i}^{\,K_{\rm{e}}}] is free with kinetic energy Ke. Only one photoelectron is emitted at a time per molecule. The portion of PEs emitted in the direction of the aperture can be detected by the kinetic energy analyzer. The kinetic energy interval covered by the analyzer depends on the targeted element and the energy of the photon, and it is limited compared with the energy range of all possible PEs.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 30| Part 5| September 2023| Pages 941-961
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577523006124
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