view article
Figure 3
PXRD of CuO nanoparticles (7.4 nm diameter) dispersed in ethanol at concentrations of 0.2, 0.05 and 0.02 mmol ml−1 and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimations. (a) PXRD of the CuO dispersions compared with the background pattern which is the ethanol-filled inlet. (b) Overlay of background-subtracted and normalized PXRD patterns for CuO dispersions showing increasing noise with decreasing concentration. (c–e) Rietveld refinements for each concentration. To estimate the SNR, we first normalize each pattern to 1 at the most intense Bragg peak (∼2.7 Å−1). The SNR is then calculated as the inverse square of the standard deviation (SD) of the difference between the experimental data and the Rietveld fit. To avoid influence from imperfections in the fit, regions containing strong Bragg reflections are excluded from the SD calculation as highlighted in (b).

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 33| Part 1| January 2026| Pages 142-153
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525009634
Follow J. Synchrotron Rad.
Sign up for e-alerts
E-alerts
Follow J. Synchrotron Rad. on Twitter
Twitter
Follow us on facebook
Facebook
Sign up for RSS feeds
RSS