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Figure 10
Schematic illustration of the proposed orientation evolution of β-Sn grains during thermal cycling. (a) Before thermal cycling, β-Sn grains exhibit an approximately random orientation distribution on the Cu substrate. (b) After thermal fatigue, a major fraction of β-Sn grains exhibits orientations in which the a axis is parallel to the specimen ND. The red arrows indicate the a axis of the β-Sn unit cell. (c) For a smaller fraction of β-Sn grains, their c axis are parallel to the specimen ND, where the blue arrows indicate the c axis of the β-Sn unit cell. (d) For another smaller fraction of β-Sn grains, the [221] crystallographic direction is parallel to the specimen ND. The green arrows indicate the [221] directions.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 33| Part 3| May 2026| Pages 617-631
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577526001475
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