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Figure 3
Orientation of cellular structures. (a) Dark-field contrast image of the same dataset as shown in Fig. 2[link](c) with a larger field of view. The red rectangular region in Fig. 2[link](c) is also added for comparison. (b) Orientation maps of the white rectangular region in panel (a), calculated using different q ranges: Δq2opt from q2 to qopt (optimum range as discussed in Section 3.1[link]) and Δq24 from q2 to q4 (extended range for local orientation analysis). (c) Corresponding anisotropy maps. The white outlines in panels (b) and (c) delineate the border of the background area used for the background subtraction. The grayscale indicates the degree of anisotropy. A value of 0 corresponds to an azimuthal intensity profile that is equally distributed over all angles, whereas a value of 1 would correspond to an orientation strictly only in one direction. Histograms of (d) orientation and (e) anisotropy distributions of cells A and B as indicated in panels (a)–(c). (f) Inverted-grayscale epifluorescence image of the same cells, acquired prior to the microfluidic chamber assembly. The dark structures are distinct keratin bundles within the cell. (g) Dark-field contrast images of the two regions 1 and 2 within the black boxes in panel (f), where ordered keratin structures are visible. The black lines in each pixel represent the orientation and anisotropy by their angle and length, respectively. Scale bars in panels (a) and (f): 20 µm. Scale bars in panel (g): 5 µm.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 33| Part 3| May 2026| Pages 777-787
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577526002018
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