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Figure 9
A toy example of the citation graph, adapted from OpenAlex (2024aView full citation). The large golden circles denote Works that are gold citations for specific topics. The remaining circles represent generic non-gold citation Works and serve to illustrate how frequently the gold citations are referenced. In this example, the blue circle corresponds to Work 0, which is the document being classified. Work 0 has a `Citation 1' feature, which is Topic 1 as Work 0 directly cites the gold citation associated with that Topic. The `Citation 2' feature of Work 0 is Topic 2, as Work 0 cites Work 1, which in turn cites a gold citation of Topic 2. Because the citation path from Work 0 to the gold citation of Topic 2 spans two graph edges, Topic 2 is a second-order citation feature of Work 0. Topic 3 is irrelevant in this case, as Work 0 is more than 2 edges away.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION
ISSN: 1600-5775
Volume 33| Part 5| September 2026|
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577526006685
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