organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

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ISSN: 2056-9890

(E)-2-(2,3-Di­methyl­anilino)-N′-[2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclo­hex-2-enyl­­idene]benzohydrazide

aDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia, and bX-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
*Correspondence e-mail: hkfun@usm.my

(Received 20 February 2012; accepted 29 February 2012; online 21 March 2012)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C25H29N3O, comprises two crystallographically independent mol­ecules. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings in the two mol­ecules are 59.7 (2) and 61.27 (18)°. The cyclo­hexene rings adopt sofa and half-chair conformations. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via N—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the a axis. In each mol­ecule, there is an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond.

Related literature

For background to the chemistry and biological activity of diaryl amines, see: Reddy et al. (2010[Reddy, L. V., Suman, A., Beevi, S. S., Mangamoori, L. N., Mukkanti, K. & Pal, S. (2010). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 21, 98-104.]); Ohta et al. (2008)[Ohta, K., Chiba, Y., Ogawa, T. & Endo, Y. (2008). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18, 5050-5053.]; Li et al. (2008)[Li, S. L., Ai, X. P., Feng, J. K., Cao, Y. L. & Yang, H. X. (2008). J. Power Sources, 184, 553-556.]. For related structures, see: Wang et al. (2010[Wang, L.-Y., Xie, Y.-S., Wu, R.-M. & Zuo, H. (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o2827.]); Tian et al. (2010[Tian, X., Xie, Y.-S. & Zuo, H. (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o2828.]). For ring conformations, see: Cremer & Pople (1975[Cremer, D. & Pople, J. A. (1975). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1354-1358.]). For standard bond-length data, see: Allen et al. (1987[Allen, F. H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., Brammer, L., Orpen, A. G. & Taylor, R. (1987). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. S1-19.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C25H29N3O

  • Mr = 387.51

  • Orthorhombic, P 21 21 21

  • a = 9.0296 (4) Å

  • b = 18.0457 (7) Å

  • c = 27.4755 (10) Å

  • V = 4477.0 (3) Å3

  • Z = 8

  • Cu Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.55 mm−1

  • T = 296 K

  • 10.28 × 0.28 × 0.09 mm

Data collection
  • Bruker SMART APEXII CCD area-detector diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2009[Bruker (2009). APEX2, SAINT and SADABS. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]) Tmin = 0.070, Tmax = 0.955

  • 17464 measured reflections

  • 7599 independent reflections

  • 5248 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.027

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059

  • wR(F2) = 0.167

  • S = 1.03

  • 7599 reflections

  • 531 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.13 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.11 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
N2A—H2AB⋯O1B 0.86 2.31 2.969 (4) 134
N3A—H3AC⋯O1A 0.86 2.14 2.697 (3) 122
N2B—H2BB⋯O1Ai 0.86 2.36 2.986 (4) 130
C5A—H5AB⋯O1B 0.97 2.47 3.189 (4) 130
C9A—H9AA⋯O1B 0.93 2.43 3.282 (4) 152
C5B—H5BA⋯O1Ai 0.97 2.46 3.248 (4) 138
C9B—H9BA⋯O1Ai 0.93 2.50 3.352 (4) 153
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y, z.

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009[Bruker (2009). APEX2, SAINT and SADABS. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2009[Bruker (2009). APEX2, SAINT and SADABS. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL; molecular graphics: SHELXTL; software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL and PLATON (Spek, 2009[Spek, A. L. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155.]).

Supporting information


Comment top

Diarylamines represent an important class of compounds due to their wide applications and special pharmacological activities (Ohta et al., 2008; Li et al., 2008; Reddy et al., 2010). The crystal structues of 4-(o-Tolylamino) benzaldehyde (Wang et al., 2010) and 4-(p-Tolylamino) benzaldehyde (Tian et al., 2010) have been reported in the literature. Herein, we reported the crystal structure of the title compound, (I).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound consists of two crystallographically independent (E)-2-(2,3-dimethylphenylamino)- N'-(2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-enylidene)benzohydrazide (A & B), as shown in Fig. 1. The bond lengths and angles of molecules A and B agree with each other and are within normal ranges for bond lengths (Allen et al., 1987). The dihedral angles between benzene rings (C8A–C13A)/(C15A–C20A), and (C8B–C13B)/(C15B–C20B) are 59.7 (2)° and 61.27 (18)° ° respectively. In molecule A (C1A–C6A), the cylcohexene rings adopts a sofa conformation [Q = 0.499 (4) Å, θ = 57.1 (5)°, φ = 176.4 (5)°]. In molecule B (C1B–C6B), the cyclohexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation [Q = 0.431 (4) Å, θ = 53.8 (5)°, φ = 195.3 (7)°; Cremer & Pople, 1975].

In the crystal structure (Fig. 2), molecules are connected via intermolecular N—H···O and C—H···O hydrogen bonds, forming one-dimensional chains along the a-axis. In each molecule the is an intramolecular N—H···O hydrogen bond.

Related literature top

For background to the chemistry and biological activity of diaryl amines, see: Reddy et al. (2010); Ohta et al. (2008); Li et al. (2008). For related structures, see: Wang et al. (2010); Tian et al. (2010). For ring conformations, see: Cremer & Pople (1975). For standard bond-length data, see: Allen et al. (1987).

Experimental top

The title compound was prepared by the reaction of carvone, 2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-enone (0.15 g, 1 mmol) and 2-(2,3-dimethylphenylamino)benzohydrazide (0.26 g, 1 mmol) in ETOH (25 mL). After stirring for 3 h, at room temperature, the resulting mixture was concentrated. The precipitate washed with ETOH to afford the title compound. Colorless blocks of the title compound suitable for X-ray structure determination were recrystallized from ETOH by the slow evaporation of the solvent at room temperature. The crystals are very brittle and shatter easily upon cutting so data were collected using a crystal which was a long needle.

Refinement top

All H atoms were positioned geometrically [C—H = 0.93–0.98 Å and N—H = 0.86 Å] and were refined using a riding model, with Uiso(H) = 1.2 or 1.5 Ueq(C). A rotating group model was applied to the methyl groups. The standard uncertainty of the refined Flack parameter indicates the result is inconclusive. The structure contains psuedosymmetry but examination of the systematic absences and the inability to refine the structure in the higher symmetry space group confirm the current choice of space group.

Structure description top

Diarylamines represent an important class of compounds due to their wide applications and special pharmacological activities (Ohta et al., 2008; Li et al., 2008; Reddy et al., 2010). The crystal structues of 4-(o-Tolylamino) benzaldehyde (Wang et al., 2010) and 4-(p-Tolylamino) benzaldehyde (Tian et al., 2010) have been reported in the literature. Herein, we reported the crystal structure of the title compound, (I).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound consists of two crystallographically independent (E)-2-(2,3-dimethylphenylamino)- N'-(2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-enylidene)benzohydrazide (A & B), as shown in Fig. 1. The bond lengths and angles of molecules A and B agree with each other and are within normal ranges for bond lengths (Allen et al., 1987). The dihedral angles between benzene rings (C8A–C13A)/(C15A–C20A), and (C8B–C13B)/(C15B–C20B) are 59.7 (2)° and 61.27 (18)° ° respectively. In molecule A (C1A–C6A), the cylcohexene rings adopts a sofa conformation [Q = 0.499 (4) Å, θ = 57.1 (5)°, φ = 176.4 (5)°]. In molecule B (C1B–C6B), the cyclohexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation [Q = 0.431 (4) Å, θ = 53.8 (5)°, φ = 195.3 (7)°; Cremer & Pople, 1975].

In the crystal structure (Fig. 2), molecules are connected via intermolecular N—H···O and C—H···O hydrogen bonds, forming one-dimensional chains along the a-axis. In each molecule the is an intramolecular N—H···O hydrogen bond.

For background to the chemistry and biological activity of diaryl amines, see: Reddy et al. (2010); Ohta et al. (2008); Li et al. (2008). For related structures, see: Wang et al. (2010); Tian et al. (2010). For ring conformations, see: Cremer & Pople (1975). For standard bond-length data, see: Allen et al. (1987).

Computing details top

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. The asymmetric unit of the title compound, showing 10% probability displacement ellipsoids. Hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. The crystal packing of the title compound (I).
(E)-2-(2,3-Dimethylanilino)-N'-[2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en- 2-yl)cyclohex-2-enylidene]benzohydrazide top
Crystal data top
C25H29N3OF(000) = 1664
Mr = 387.51Dx = 1.150 Mg m3
Orthorhombic, P212121Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å
Hall symbol: P 2ac 2abCell parameters from 6172 reflections
a = 9.0296 (4) Åθ = 2.5–65.3°
b = 18.0457 (7) ŵ = 0.55 mm1
c = 27.4755 (10) ÅT = 296 K
V = 4477.0 (3) Å3Plate, colourless
Z = 810.28 × 0.28 × 0.09 mm
Data collection top
Bruker SMART APEXII CCD area-detector
diffractometer
7599 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube5248 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.027
φ and ω scansθmax = 69.7°, θmin = 2.9°
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2009)
h = 810
Tmin = 0.070, Tmax = 0.955k = 1221
17464 measured reflectionsl = 3327
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.167 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0785P)2 + 0.183P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.03(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
7599 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.13 e Å3
531 parametersΔρmin = 0.11 e Å3
0 restraintsAbsolute structure: Flack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876–881.
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsAbsolute structure parameter: 0.4 (4)
Crystal data top
C25H29N3OV = 4477.0 (3) Å3
Mr = 387.51Z = 8
Orthorhombic, P212121Cu Kα radiation
a = 9.0296 (4) ŵ = 0.55 mm1
b = 18.0457 (7) ÅT = 296 K
c = 27.4755 (10) Å10.28 × 0.28 × 0.09 mm
Data collection top
Bruker SMART APEXII CCD area-detector
diffractometer
7599 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2009)
5248 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.070, Tmax = 0.955Rint = 0.027
17464 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.167Δρmax = 0.13 e Å3
S = 1.03Δρmin = 0.11 e Å3
7599 reflectionsAbsolute structure: Flack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876–881.
531 parametersAbsolute structure parameter: 0.4 (4)
0 restraints
Special details top

Geometry. All s.u.'s (except the s.u. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell s.u.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of s.u.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between s.u.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell s.u.'s is used for estimating s.u.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > 2σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O1A0.2413 (3)0.94820 (14)0.28577 (7)0.0736 (7)
N1A0.3747 (3)0.88060 (15)0.21179 (8)0.0664 (7)
N2A0.4546 (3)0.91235 (16)0.24990 (8)0.0675 (7)
H2AB0.54950.90870.25140.081*
N3A0.2794 (4)0.9594 (2)0.38283 (10)0.1008 (12)
H3AC0.21010.96660.36190.121*
C1A0.3585 (4)0.8031 (2)0.14399 (11)0.0736 (10)
C2A0.4237 (5)0.7575 (2)0.11367 (12)0.0910 (13)
H2AA0.36970.74230.08660.109*
C3A0.5779 (5)0.7279 (2)0.11888 (13)0.0961 (13)
H3AA0.64690.75980.10180.115*
H3AB0.58370.67880.10460.115*
C4A0.6196 (4)0.72406 (18)0.17249 (12)0.0730 (9)
H4AA0.55030.69000.18840.088*
C5A0.5956 (4)0.80113 (18)0.19480 (12)0.0781 (10)
H5AA0.61330.79850.22960.094*
H5AB0.66720.83530.18100.094*
C6A0.4416 (4)0.83090 (18)0.18604 (10)0.0650 (9)
C7A0.3777 (4)0.94886 (17)0.28411 (10)0.0619 (8)
C8A0.4679 (4)0.9879 (2)0.32151 (12)0.0722 (10)
C9A0.5983 (4)1.0215 (2)0.31003 (14)0.0842 (11)
H9AA0.63081.02140.27790.101*
C10A0.6841 (6)1.0562 (2)0.34572 (18)0.1142 (16)
H10A0.77151.08030.33740.137*
C11A0.6381 (6)1.0544 (3)0.39265 (18)0.122 (2)
H11A0.69651.07610.41660.146*
C12A0.5076 (6)1.0213 (3)0.40553 (15)0.1101 (17)
H12A0.47881.02120.43800.132*
C13A0.4167 (5)0.9875 (2)0.37067 (12)0.0828 (12)
C15A0.2381 (5)0.9205 (2)0.42506 (12)0.0924 (14)
C16A0.3442 (6)0.8805 (3)0.45099 (14)0.1184 (19)
H16A0.44380.88240.44250.142*
C17A0.2956 (8)0.8376 (3)0.49022 (17)0.130 (2)
H17A0.36390.80980.50780.155*
C18A0.1500 (9)0.8358 (3)0.50314 (17)0.133 (2)
H18A0.12050.80680.52940.160*
C19A0.0454 (8)0.8764 (3)0.47784 (15)0.1158 (18)
C20A0.0899 (5)0.9205 (2)0.43834 (13)0.0904 (12)
C21A0.2037 (5)0.8302 (2)0.13614 (13)0.1015 (14)
H21A0.16310.80720.10760.152*
H21B0.20450.88300.13190.152*
H21C0.14400.81770.16390.152*
C22A0.7733 (5)0.6955 (2)0.18154 (16)0.0936 (13)
C23A0.7884 (6)0.6531 (3)0.2257 (2)0.180 (3)
H23A0.88960.63790.22960.270*
H23B0.72610.61000.22400.270*
H23C0.75950.68300.25300.270*
C24A0.8842 (7)0.7103 (5)0.1526 (2)0.229 (4)
H24A0.98990.68600.15620.275*
H24B0.88670.71600.12000.275*
C25A0.1157 (7)0.8735 (3)0.49329 (17)0.159 (3)
H25A0.12470.84420.52230.238*
H25B0.17370.85160.46780.238*
H25C0.15070.92280.49950.238*
C26A0.0165 (5)0.9662 (3)0.41017 (14)0.1073 (15)
H26A0.02451.01460.40500.161*
H26B0.10760.97040.42800.161*
H26C0.03530.94310.37930.161*
O1B0.7412 (3)0.96096 (13)0.20763 (7)0.0724 (6)
N1B0.8694 (3)0.88310 (15)0.27897 (9)0.0698 (7)
N2B0.9491 (3)0.91252 (16)0.24059 (8)0.0678 (7)
H2BB1.04240.90410.23780.081*
N3B0.7821 (3)0.96889 (18)0.10927 (9)0.0841 (9)
H3BC0.71060.98120.12830.101*
C1B0.8460 (4)0.7998 (2)0.34366 (11)0.0713 (9)
C2B0.9011 (5)0.7448 (2)0.36978 (13)0.0903 (12)
H2BA0.84180.72610.39460.108*
C3B1.0496 (5)0.7098 (2)0.36318 (14)0.0930 (13)
H3BA1.03750.66210.34730.112*
H3BB1.09370.70110.39490.112*
C4B1.1538 (4)0.75777 (19)0.33295 (12)0.0740 (9)
H4BA1.18270.79980.35340.089*
C5B1.0720 (4)0.78947 (19)0.28944 (11)0.0724 (9)
H5BA1.13680.82390.27270.087*
H5BB1.04930.74950.26710.087*
C6B0.9309 (4)0.82876 (19)0.30236 (11)0.0670 (9)
C7B0.8768 (4)0.95481 (18)0.20755 (10)0.0640 (8)
C8B0.9715 (4)0.99015 (18)0.16985 (11)0.0639 (8)
C9B1.1097 (4)1.01853 (19)0.18149 (13)0.0792 (10)
H9BA1.14281.01620.21350.095*
C10B1.1990 (5)1.0501 (2)0.14666 (15)0.0911 (12)
H10B1.29051.07010.15500.109*
C11B1.1505 (5)1.0517 (2)0.09901 (15)0.0945 (13)
H11B1.21091.07180.07500.113*
C12B1.0164 (5)1.0243 (2)0.08696 (13)0.0856 (12)
H12B0.98601.02590.05460.103*
C13B0.9222 (5)0.9935 (2)0.12170 (11)0.0733 (10)
C15B0.7459 (4)0.9258 (2)0.06847 (10)0.0733 (10)
C16B0.8528 (5)0.8825 (2)0.04525 (11)0.0933 (14)
H16B0.95090.88420.05540.112*
C17B0.8119 (6)0.8375 (3)0.00722 (13)0.1074 (16)
H17B0.88260.80810.00810.129*
C18B0.6666 (7)0.8355 (3)0.00828 (14)0.1052 (16)
H18B0.64090.80480.03410.126*
C19B0.5590 (6)0.8780 (2)0.01349 (12)0.0891 (12)
C20B0.5990 (5)0.9243 (2)0.05283 (11)0.0782 (10)
C21B0.6965 (4)0.8320 (2)0.35377 (13)0.0942 (12)
H21D0.65670.81020.38290.141*
H21E0.63160.82180.32690.141*
H21F0.70510.88460.35800.141*
C22B1.2935 (5)0.7160 (2)0.32092 (16)0.0924 (12)
C23B1.3893 (7)0.6953 (4)0.3598 (2)0.194 (3)
H23D1.48410.68130.34700.291*
H23E1.34710.65420.37720.291*
H23F1.40130.73650.38160.291*
C24B1.3230 (7)0.6901 (4)0.27603 (19)0.191 (3)
H24C1.28570.70720.24260.229*
H24D1.42230.66700.27610.229*
C25B0.4013 (6)0.8752 (3)0.00426 (16)0.125 (2)
H25D0.39610.84580.03330.187*
H25G0.36750.92460.01110.187*
H25E0.33960.85350.02040.187*
C26B0.4872 (4)0.9721 (2)0.07800 (14)0.0997 (13)
H26D0.52571.02150.08120.150*
H26E0.46660.95220.10970.150*
H26F0.39760.97340.05920.150*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O1A0.0700 (18)0.0877 (18)0.0632 (12)0.0027 (13)0.0034 (11)0.0075 (11)
N1A0.0782 (19)0.0627 (17)0.0584 (13)0.0030 (15)0.0032 (13)0.0049 (13)
N2A0.0708 (19)0.0670 (19)0.0649 (14)0.0004 (14)0.0046 (12)0.0146 (13)
N3A0.098 (3)0.145 (3)0.0598 (16)0.015 (3)0.0047 (16)0.0036 (19)
C1A0.092 (3)0.067 (2)0.0613 (17)0.001 (2)0.0129 (17)0.0092 (16)
C2A0.118 (4)0.087 (3)0.068 (2)0.006 (3)0.025 (2)0.0193 (19)
C3A0.123 (4)0.084 (3)0.081 (2)0.011 (3)0.007 (2)0.022 (2)
C4A0.086 (3)0.0542 (19)0.0786 (19)0.0020 (17)0.0021 (18)0.0001 (16)
C5A0.095 (3)0.059 (2)0.080 (2)0.0024 (19)0.0089 (19)0.0181 (16)
C6A0.078 (2)0.059 (2)0.0576 (16)0.0044 (17)0.0033 (15)0.0015 (15)
C7A0.070 (2)0.0554 (19)0.0604 (16)0.0051 (16)0.0064 (15)0.0033 (14)
C8A0.072 (2)0.068 (2)0.077 (2)0.0162 (18)0.0140 (17)0.0227 (17)
C9A0.074 (3)0.075 (2)0.104 (3)0.009 (2)0.009 (2)0.028 (2)
C10A0.100 (3)0.091 (3)0.152 (4)0.001 (3)0.028 (3)0.052 (3)
C11A0.116 (4)0.125 (4)0.124 (4)0.025 (4)0.038 (3)0.071 (3)
C12A0.121 (4)0.124 (4)0.085 (3)0.033 (3)0.022 (3)0.036 (3)
C13A0.086 (3)0.091 (3)0.072 (2)0.022 (2)0.0162 (19)0.0193 (19)
C15A0.138 (4)0.083 (3)0.0559 (18)0.024 (3)0.020 (2)0.0173 (18)
C16A0.171 (5)0.115 (4)0.069 (2)0.042 (4)0.015 (3)0.022 (2)
C17A0.199 (7)0.113 (4)0.077 (3)0.034 (5)0.020 (4)0.012 (3)
C18A0.228 (8)0.104 (4)0.067 (3)0.003 (5)0.018 (4)0.001 (3)
C19A0.172 (6)0.107 (4)0.069 (2)0.025 (4)0.004 (3)0.021 (3)
C20A0.115 (4)0.088 (3)0.068 (2)0.001 (3)0.002 (2)0.024 (2)
C21A0.109 (4)0.109 (3)0.087 (3)0.006 (3)0.021 (2)0.023 (2)
C22A0.109 (4)0.067 (3)0.106 (3)0.002 (2)0.011 (3)0.017 (2)
C23A0.143 (5)0.121 (5)0.276 (8)0.016 (4)0.075 (5)0.085 (5)
C24A0.099 (5)0.421 (13)0.167 (6)0.082 (7)0.018 (4)0.068 (8)
C25A0.197 (7)0.182 (6)0.098 (3)0.065 (6)0.015 (4)0.008 (4)
C26A0.108 (4)0.117 (4)0.097 (3)0.008 (3)0.007 (2)0.013 (3)
O1B0.0701 (18)0.0785 (16)0.0686 (12)0.0017 (13)0.0039 (11)0.0031 (11)
N1B0.082 (2)0.0648 (18)0.0626 (14)0.0070 (16)0.0047 (13)0.0073 (13)
N2B0.073 (2)0.0683 (19)0.0623 (14)0.0008 (15)0.0036 (13)0.0092 (13)
N3B0.081 (2)0.108 (3)0.0635 (15)0.0155 (19)0.0035 (14)0.0139 (16)
C1B0.080 (2)0.067 (2)0.0670 (18)0.0037 (18)0.0095 (16)0.0067 (16)
C2B0.104 (3)0.086 (3)0.081 (2)0.004 (2)0.027 (2)0.010 (2)
C3B0.102 (3)0.089 (3)0.088 (2)0.009 (2)0.022 (2)0.024 (2)
C4B0.086 (3)0.062 (2)0.0742 (19)0.0055 (18)0.0005 (17)0.0027 (16)
C5B0.077 (2)0.071 (2)0.0693 (18)0.0075 (18)0.0107 (16)0.0059 (16)
C6B0.080 (2)0.062 (2)0.0588 (16)0.0084 (18)0.0014 (16)0.0013 (15)
C7B0.076 (3)0.055 (2)0.0606 (16)0.0002 (17)0.0009 (15)0.0043 (14)
C8B0.072 (2)0.0546 (19)0.0650 (17)0.0072 (15)0.0078 (15)0.0021 (15)
C9B0.086 (3)0.066 (2)0.085 (2)0.003 (2)0.008 (2)0.0115 (18)
C10B0.077 (3)0.079 (3)0.117 (3)0.004 (2)0.016 (2)0.020 (2)
C11B0.098 (3)0.084 (3)0.101 (3)0.016 (3)0.034 (2)0.030 (2)
C12B0.098 (3)0.087 (3)0.071 (2)0.018 (2)0.017 (2)0.014 (2)
C13B0.086 (3)0.072 (2)0.0616 (17)0.015 (2)0.0103 (17)0.0042 (16)
C15B0.087 (3)0.082 (3)0.0509 (15)0.012 (2)0.0037 (16)0.0110 (16)
C16B0.118 (4)0.098 (3)0.0641 (19)0.034 (3)0.005 (2)0.003 (2)
C17B0.154 (5)0.098 (3)0.071 (2)0.019 (3)0.020 (3)0.012 (2)
C18B0.151 (5)0.100 (3)0.065 (2)0.017 (3)0.013 (3)0.007 (2)
C19B0.118 (4)0.087 (3)0.0628 (19)0.009 (3)0.001 (2)0.0129 (19)
C20B0.101 (3)0.070 (2)0.0643 (18)0.004 (2)0.0068 (19)0.0105 (17)
C21B0.091 (3)0.098 (3)0.094 (2)0.005 (2)0.031 (2)0.015 (2)
C22B0.094 (3)0.077 (3)0.106 (3)0.006 (2)0.011 (2)0.017 (2)
C23B0.138 (6)0.254 (8)0.190 (6)0.068 (6)0.049 (5)0.025 (6)
C24B0.199 (6)0.262 (8)0.113 (4)0.137 (6)0.021 (4)0.001 (5)
C25B0.138 (5)0.130 (4)0.107 (3)0.044 (4)0.024 (3)0.017 (3)
C26B0.088 (3)0.101 (3)0.110 (3)0.002 (3)0.004 (2)0.001 (3)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
O1A—C7A1.232 (4)O1B—C7B1.230 (4)
N1A—C6A1.292 (4)N1B—C6B1.297 (4)
N1A—N2A1.394 (3)N1B—N2B1.383 (3)
N2A—C7A1.342 (4)N2B—C7B1.354 (4)
N2A—H2AB0.8600N2B—H2BB0.8600
N3A—C13A1.381 (5)N3B—C13B1.383 (5)
N3A—C15A1.406 (5)N3B—C15B1.403 (4)
N3A—H3AC0.8600N3B—H3BC0.8600
C1A—C2A1.311 (5)C1B—C2B1.323 (5)
C1A—C6A1.466 (4)C1B—C6B1.466 (4)
C1A—C21A1.496 (5)C1B—C21B1.496 (5)
C2A—C3A1.499 (6)C2B—C3B1.494 (5)
C2A—H2AA0.9300C2B—H2BA0.9300
C3A—C4A1.522 (5)C3B—C4B1.525 (5)
C3A—H3AA0.9700C3B—H3BA0.9700
C3A—H3AB0.9700C3B—H3BB0.9700
C4A—C22A1.501 (5)C4B—C22B1.506 (5)
C4A—C5A1.535 (4)C4B—C5B1.517 (4)
C4A—H4AA0.9800C4B—H4BA0.9800
C5A—C6A1.510 (5)C5B—C6B1.501 (5)
C5A—H5AA0.9700C5B—H5BA0.9700
C5A—H5AB0.9700C5B—H5BB0.9700
C7A—C8A1.489 (4)C7B—C8B1.487 (4)
C8A—C9A1.361 (5)C8B—C9B1.387 (5)
C8A—C13A1.428 (5)C8B—C13B1.397 (4)
C9A—C10A1.398 (5)C9B—C10B1.375 (5)
C9A—H9AA0.9300C9B—H9BA0.9300
C10A—C11A1.355 (6)C10B—C11B1.381 (5)
C10A—H10A0.9300C10B—H10B0.9300
C11A—C12A1.367 (7)C11B—C12B1.349 (5)
C11A—H11A0.9300C11B—H11B0.9300
C12A—C13A1.401 (5)C12B—C13B1.394 (5)
C12A—H12A0.9300C12B—H12B0.9300
C15A—C20A1.387 (6)C15B—C20B1.394 (5)
C15A—C16A1.395 (6)C15B—C16B1.396 (5)
C16A—C17A1.398 (7)C16B—C17B1.374 (5)
C16A—H16A0.9300C16B—H16B0.9300
C17A—C18A1.362 (8)C17B—C18B1.380 (7)
C17A—H17A0.9300C17B—H17B0.9300
C18A—C19A1.384 (7)C18B—C19B1.374 (6)
C18A—H18A0.9300C18B—H18B0.9300
C19A—C20A1.404 (6)C19B—C20B1.414 (5)
C19A—C25A1.516 (7)C19B—C25B1.506 (6)
C20A—C26A1.484 (5)C20B—C26B1.497 (5)
C21A—H21A0.9600C21B—H21D0.9600
C21A—H21B0.9600C21B—H21E0.9600
C21A—H21C0.9600C21B—H21F0.9600
C22A—C24A1.305 (7)C22B—C24B1.346 (6)
C22A—C23A1.443 (6)C22B—C23B1.425 (6)
C23A—H23A0.9600C23B—H23D0.9600
C23A—H23B0.9600C23B—H23E0.9600
C23A—H23C0.9600C23B—H23F0.9600
C24A—H24A1.0556C24B—H24C1.0268
C24A—H24B0.9026C24B—H24D0.9881
C25A—H25A0.9600C25B—H25D0.9600
C25A—H25B0.9600C25B—H25G0.9600
C25A—H25C0.9600C25B—H25E0.9600
C26A—H26A0.9600C26B—H26D0.9600
C26A—H26B0.9600C26B—H26E0.9600
C26A—H26C0.9600C26B—H26F0.9600
C6A—N1A—N2A117.1 (3)C6B—N1B—N2B116.4 (3)
C7A—N2A—N1A117.4 (3)C7B—N2B—N1B118.5 (3)
C7A—N2A—H2AB121.3C7B—N2B—H2BB120.8
N1A—N2A—H2AB121.3N1B—N2B—H2BB120.8
C13A—N3A—C15A128.4 (4)C13B—N3B—C15B126.0 (3)
C13A—N3A—H3AC115.8C13B—N3B—H3BC117.0
C15A—N3A—H3AC115.8C15B—N3B—H3BC117.0
C2A—C1A—C6A119.1 (4)C2B—C1B—C6B119.4 (4)
C2A—C1A—C21A122.2 (3)C2B—C1B—C21B122.0 (3)
C6A—C1A—C21A118.7 (3)C6B—C1B—C21B118.5 (3)
C1A—C2A—C3A125.5 (4)C1B—C2B—C3B126.1 (3)
C1A—C2A—H2AA117.2C1B—C2B—H2BA116.9
C3A—C2A—H2AA117.2C3B—C2B—H2BA116.9
C2A—C3A—C4A109.8 (3)C2B—C3B—C4B112.3 (3)
C2A—C3A—H3AA109.7C2B—C3B—H3BA109.1
C4A—C3A—H3AA109.7C4B—C3B—H3BA109.1
C2A—C3A—H3AB109.7C2B—C3B—H3BB109.1
C4A—C3A—H3AB109.7C4B—C3B—H3BB109.1
H3AA—C3A—H3AB108.2H3BA—C3B—H3BB107.9
C22A—C4A—C3A113.8 (3)C22B—C4B—C5B115.1 (3)
C22A—C4A—C5A112.0 (3)C22B—C4B—C3B110.6 (3)
C3A—C4A—C5A108.1 (3)C5B—C4B—C3B110.1 (3)
C22A—C4A—H4AA107.5C22B—C4B—H4BA106.9
C3A—C4A—H4AA107.5C5B—C4B—H4BA106.9
C5A—C4A—H4AA107.5C3B—C4B—H4BA106.9
C6A—C5A—C4A112.9 (3)C6B—C5B—C4B113.9 (3)
C6A—C5A—H5AA109.0C6B—C5B—H5BA108.8
C4A—C5A—H5AA109.0C4B—C5B—H5BA108.8
C6A—C5A—H5AB109.0C6B—C5B—H5BB108.8
C4A—C5A—H5AB109.0C4B—C5B—H5BB108.8
H5AA—C5A—H5AB107.8H5BA—C5B—H5BB107.7
N1A—C6A—C1A115.5 (3)N1B—C6B—C1B115.4 (3)
N1A—C6A—C5A126.1 (3)N1B—C6B—C5B127.1 (3)
C1A—C6A—C5A118.4 (3)C1B—C6B—C5B117.3 (3)
O1A—C7A—N2A122.6 (3)O1B—C7B—N2B122.0 (3)
O1A—C7A—C8A121.7 (3)O1B—C7B—C8B122.4 (3)
N2A—C7A—C8A115.7 (3)N2B—C7B—C8B115.6 (3)
C9A—C8A—C13A120.1 (3)C9B—C8B—C13B119.3 (3)
C9A—C8A—C7A121.6 (3)C9B—C8B—C7B121.0 (3)
C13A—C8A—C7A118.3 (4)C13B—C8B—C7B119.7 (3)
C8A—C9A—C10A121.1 (4)C10B—C9B—C8B121.4 (4)
C8A—C9A—H9AA119.5C10B—C9B—H9BA119.3
C10A—C9A—H9AA119.5C8B—C9B—H9BA119.3
C11A—C10A—C9A119.1 (5)C9B—C10B—C11B118.9 (4)
C11A—C10A—H10A120.4C9B—C10B—H10B120.6
C9A—C10A—H10A120.4C11B—C10B—H10B120.6
C10A—C11A—C12A121.4 (4)C12B—C11B—C10B120.6 (4)
C10A—C11A—H11A119.3C12B—C11B—H11B119.7
C12A—C11A—H11A119.3C10B—C11B—H11B119.7
C11A—C12A—C13A121.2 (4)C11B—C12B—C13B121.7 (4)
C11A—C12A—H12A119.4C11B—C12B—H12B119.1
C13A—C12A—H12A119.4C13B—C12B—H12B119.1
N3A—C13A—C12A121.4 (4)N3B—C13B—C12B121.1 (3)
N3A—C13A—C8A121.5 (3)N3B—C13B—C8B120.7 (3)
C12A—C13A—C8A117.0 (4)C12B—C13B—C8B118.1 (4)
C20A—C15A—C16A121.9 (4)C20B—C15B—C16B120.4 (4)
C20A—C15A—N3A118.2 (4)C20B—C15B—N3B118.6 (3)
C16A—C15A—N3A119.8 (5)C16B—C15B—N3B120.9 (3)
C15A—C16A—C17A117.7 (6)C17B—C16B—C15B119.5 (4)
C15A—C16A—H16A121.2C17B—C16B—H16B120.2
C17A—C16A—H16A121.2C15B—C16B—H16B120.2
C18A—C17A—C16A121.1 (6)C16B—C17B—C18B120.3 (5)
C18A—C17A—H17A119.4C16B—C17B—H17B119.8
C16A—C17A—H17A119.4C18B—C17B—H17B119.8
C17A—C18A—C19A121.0 (6)C19B—C18B—C17B121.6 (4)
C17A—C18A—H18A119.5C19B—C18B—H18B119.2
C19A—C18A—H18A119.5C17B—C18B—H18B119.2
C18A—C19A—C20A119.5 (6)C18B—C19B—C20B118.8 (5)
C18A—C19A—C25A119.8 (5)C18B—C19B—C25B120.6 (4)
C20A—C19A—C25A120.7 (6)C20B—C19B—C25B120.6 (5)
C15A—C20A—C19A118.7 (5)C15B—C20B—C19B119.3 (4)
C15A—C20A—C26A119.2 (4)C15B—C20B—C26B119.2 (3)
C19A—C20A—C26A122.2 (5)C19B—C20B—C26B121.5 (4)
C1A—C21A—H21A109.5C1B—C21B—H21D109.5
C1A—C21A—H21B109.5C1B—C21B—H21E109.5
H21A—C21A—H21B109.5H21D—C21B—H21E109.5
C1A—C21A—H21C109.5C1B—C21B—H21F109.5
H21A—C21A—H21C109.5H21D—C21B—H21F109.5
H21B—C21A—H21C109.5H21E—C21B—H21F109.5
C24A—C22A—C23A123.3 (5)C24B—C22B—C23B118.5 (5)
C24A—C22A—C4A122.6 (5)C24B—C22B—C4B122.7 (4)
C23A—C22A—C4A114.1 (4)C23B—C22B—C4B118.3 (4)
C22A—C23A—H23A109.5C22B—C23B—H23D109.5
C22A—C23A—H23B109.5C22B—C23B—H23E109.5
H23A—C23A—H23B109.5H23D—C23B—H23E109.5
C22A—C23A—H23C109.5C22B—C23B—H23F109.5
H23A—C23A—H23C109.5H23D—C23B—H23F109.5
H23B—C23A—H23C109.5H23E—C23B—H23F109.5
C22A—C24A—H24A123.5C22B—C24B—H24C130.6
C22A—C24A—H24B130.3C22B—C24B—H24D108.9
H24A—C24A—H24B96.7H24C—C24B—H24D115.2
C19A—C25A—H25A109.5C19B—C25B—H25D109.5
C19A—C25A—H25B109.5C19B—C25B—H25G109.5
H25A—C25A—H25B109.5H25D—C25B—H25G109.5
C19A—C25A—H25C109.5C19B—C25B—H25E109.5
H25A—C25A—H25C109.5H25D—C25B—H25E109.5
H25B—C25A—H25C109.5H25G—C25B—H25E109.5
C20A—C26A—H26A109.5C20B—C26B—H26D109.5
C20A—C26A—H26B109.5C20B—C26B—H26E109.5
H26A—C26A—H26B109.5H26D—C26B—H26E109.5
C20A—C26A—H26C109.5C20B—C26B—H26F109.5
H26A—C26A—H26C109.5H26D—C26B—H26F109.5
H26B—C26A—H26C109.5H26E—C26B—H26F109.5
C6A—N1A—N2A—C7A163.2 (3)C6B—N1B—N2B—C7B162.9 (3)
C6A—C1A—C2A—C3A2.4 (6)C6B—C1B—C2B—C3B3.4 (6)
C21A—C1A—C2A—C3A179.9 (4)C21B—C1B—C2B—C3B178.9 (4)
C1A—C2A—C3A—C4A28.6 (6)C1B—C2B—C3B—C4B17.1 (6)
C2A—C3A—C4A—C22A179.5 (3)C2B—C3B—C4B—C22B171.6 (4)
C2A—C3A—C4A—C5A54.3 (4)C2B—C3B—C4B—C5B43.4 (5)
C22A—C4A—C5A—C6A179.9 (3)C22B—C4B—C5B—C6B178.2 (3)
C3A—C4A—C5A—C6A53.7 (4)C3B—C4B—C5B—C6B52.5 (4)
N2A—N1A—C6A—C1A175.3 (3)N2B—N1B—C6B—C1B178.5 (3)
N2A—N1A—C6A—C5A3.2 (5)N2B—N1B—C6B—C5B6.4 (5)
C2A—C1A—C6A—N1A174.1 (3)C2B—C1B—C6B—N1B179.5 (3)
C21A—C1A—C6A—N1A3.7 (5)C21B—C1B—C6B—N1B2.8 (5)
C2A—C1A—C6A—C5A4.6 (5)C2B—C1B—C6B—C5B4.9 (5)
C21A—C1A—C6A—C5A177.7 (3)C21B—C1B—C6B—C5B172.8 (3)
C4A—C5A—C6A—N1A156.9 (3)C4B—C5B—C6B—N1B151.3 (3)
C4A—C5A—C6A—C1A24.7 (5)C4B—C5B—C6B—C1B33.7 (4)
N1A—N2A—C7A—O1A8.1 (5)N1B—N2B—C7B—O1B8.2 (5)
N1A—N2A—C7A—C8A174.4 (3)N1B—N2B—C7B—C8B174.7 (3)
O1A—C7A—C8A—C9A146.1 (4)O1B—C7B—C8B—C9B144.2 (4)
N2A—C7A—C8A—C9A36.4 (5)N2B—C7B—C8B—C9B38.7 (5)
O1A—C7A—C8A—C13A35.8 (5)O1B—C7B—C8B—C13B37.3 (5)
N2A—C7A—C8A—C13A141.7 (3)N2B—C7B—C8B—C13B139.8 (3)
C13A—C8A—C9A—C10A0.2 (6)C13B—C8B—C9B—C10B0.3 (6)
C7A—C8A—C9A—C10A178.2 (3)C7B—C8B—C9B—C10B178.8 (3)
C8A—C9A—C10A—C11A1.9 (7)C8B—C9B—C10B—C11B1.6 (6)
C9A—C10A—C11A—C12A2.0 (8)C9B—C10B—C11B—C12B1.5 (6)
C10A—C11A—C12A—C13A0.4 (8)C10B—C11B—C12B—C13B0.1 (7)
C15A—N3A—C13A—C12A39.7 (7)C15B—N3B—C13B—C12B45.2 (6)
C15A—N3A—C13A—C8A144.6 (4)C15B—N3B—C13B—C8B136.8 (4)
C11A—C12A—C13A—N3A174.6 (4)C11B—C12B—C13B—N3B176.8 (4)
C11A—C12A—C13A—C8A1.3 (7)C11B—C12B—C13B—C8B1.3 (6)
C9A—C8A—C13A—N3A174.5 (4)C9B—C8B—C13B—N3B176.9 (3)
C7A—C8A—C13A—N3A7.4 (6)C7B—C8B—C13B—N3B4.5 (5)
C9A—C8A—C13A—C12A1.4 (6)C9B—C8B—C13B—C12B1.2 (5)
C7A—C8A—C13A—C12A176.7 (4)C7B—C8B—C13B—C12B177.4 (3)
C13A—N3A—C15A—C20A157.1 (4)C13B—N3B—C15B—C20B160.8 (3)
C13A—N3A—C15A—C16A25.8 (6)C13B—N3B—C15B—C16B22.1 (6)
C20A—C15A—C16A—C17A2.4 (6)C20B—C15B—C16B—C17B1.0 (6)
N3A—C15A—C16A—C17A174.6 (4)N3B—C15B—C16B—C17B176.1 (4)
C15A—C16A—C17A—C18A1.0 (8)C15B—C16B—C17B—C18B0.7 (7)
C16A—C17A—C18A—C19A0.0 (9)C16B—C17B—C18B—C19B0.1 (8)
C17A—C18A—C19A—C20A0.2 (8)C17B—C18B—C19B—C20B0.2 (7)
C17A—C18A—C19A—C25A179.7 (6)C17B—C18B—C19B—C25B179.7 (4)
C16A—C15A—C20A—C19A2.7 (6)C16B—C15B—C20B—C19B0.7 (5)
N3A—C15A—C20A—C19A174.4 (3)N3B—C15B—C20B—C19B176.5 (3)
C16A—C15A—C20A—C26A177.9 (4)C16B—C15B—C20B—C26B179.1 (3)
N3A—C15A—C20A—C26A5.1 (6)N3B—C15B—C20B—C26B3.7 (5)
C18A—C19A—C20A—C15A1.5 (6)C18B—C19B—C20B—C15B0.1 (6)
C25A—C19A—C20A—C15A179.0 (4)C25B—C19B—C20B—C15B180.0 (4)
C18A—C19A—C20A—C26A179.1 (4)C18B—C19B—C20B—C26B179.7 (4)
C25A—C19A—C20A—C26A0.4 (7)C25B—C19B—C20B—C26B0.2 (6)
C3A—C4A—C22A—C24A35.6 (7)C5B—C4B—C22B—C24B18.2 (7)
C5A—C4A—C22A—C24A87.4 (7)C3B—C4B—C22B—C24B107.3 (6)
C3A—C4A—C22A—C23A146.6 (4)C5B—C4B—C22B—C23B169.7 (5)
C5A—C4A—C22A—C23A90.4 (5)C3B—C4B—C22B—C23B64.9 (6)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N2A—H2AB···O1B0.862.312.969 (4)134
N3A—H3AC···O1A0.862.142.697 (3)122
N2B—H2BB···O1Ai0.862.362.986 (4)130
C5A—H5AB···O1B0.972.473.189 (4)130
C9A—H9AA···O1B0.932.433.282 (4)152
C5B—H5BA···O1Ai0.972.463.248 (4)138
C9B—H9BA···O1Ai0.932.503.352 (4)153
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y, z.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC25H29N3O
Mr387.51
Crystal system, space groupOrthorhombic, P212121
Temperature (K)296
a, b, c (Å)9.0296 (4), 18.0457 (7), 27.4755 (10)
V3)4477.0 (3)
Z8
Radiation typeCu Kα
µ (mm1)0.55
Crystal size (mm)10.28 × 0.28 × 0.09
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker SMART APEXII CCD area-detector
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2009)
Tmin, Tmax0.070, 0.955
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
17464, 7599, 5248
Rint0.027
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.608
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.059, 0.167, 1.03
No. of reflections7599
No. of parameters531
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.13, 0.11
Absolute structureFlack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876–881.
Absolute structure parameter0.4 (4)

Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009), SAINT (Bruker, 2009), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N2A—H2AB···O1B0.86002.31002.969 (4)134.00
N3A—H3AC···O1A0.86002.14002.697 (3)122.00
N2B—H2BB···O1Ai0.86002.36002.986 (4)130.00
C5A—H5AB···O1B0.97002.47003.189 (4)130.00
C9A—H9AA···O1B0.93002.43003.282 (4)152.00
C5B—H5BA···O1Ai0.97002.46003.248 (4)138.00
C9B—H9BA···O1Ai0.93002.50003.352 (4)153.00
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y, z.
 

Footnotes

College of Pharmacy (Visiting Professor), King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Thomson Reuters ResearcherID: A-3561-2009.

Acknowledgements

MAB, HAA and HAG thank the Deanship of Scientific Research and the Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University. MH and HFK thank the Malaysian Government and Universiti Sains Malaysia for the Research University Grant No. 1001/PFIZIK/811160. MH also thanks Universiti Sains Malaysia for a post-doctoral research fellowship.

References

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