metal-organic compounds
catena-Poly[[aqua(imidazole)cadmium(II)]-μ3-benzene-1,3-dicarboxylato]
aSchool of Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China, and bFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: hongyan@fjirsm.ac.cn
In the title compound, [Cd(C8H4O4)(C3H4N2)(H2O)]n, the CdII ion is seven-coordinated by five O atoms from three crystallographically independent benzene-1,3-carboxylate ligands, one N atom from the imidazole ligand and one coordinated water molecule. Neighboring CdII ions are bridged by the benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate ligands, forming a zigzag polymeric chain structure. These chains are further extended into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure through O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Related literature
For the synthesis, see: Yaghi et al. (1998). For related structures, see: Ma et al. (2008); Wang et al. (2008).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: SMART (Siemens, 1996); cell SAINT (Siemens, 1996); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536810022117/lx2148sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810022117/lx2148Isup2.hkl
A 10 ml aqueous solution of imidazole (0.014 g, 0.20 mmol) and isophthalic acid (0.034 g,0.020 mmol) was slowly added into cadmium nitrate (0.062 g, 0.20 mmol) solution in methanol (10 ml), and the mixed solution was stirred for 20 min and then was heated in a 30 ml Teflon-line autoclave under autogeneous pressure at 423 K for 3 d. After cooling to room temperature, colorless block crystals were obtained. (yield 38%).
H atoms bound to H2O and NH atoms were located in a difference map and refined freely. Other H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model, with C–H = 0.93 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C).
Data collection: SMART (Siemens, 1996); cell
SAINT (Siemens, 1996); data reduction: SAINT (Siemens, 1996); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).[Cd(C8H4O4)(C3H4N2)(H2O)] | Z = 2 |
Mr = 362.61 | F(000) = 356 |
Triclinic, P1 | Dx = 2.005 Mg m−3 |
Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 8.2616 (8) Å | Cell parameters from 3126 reflections |
b = 8.3138 (8) Å | θ = 3.3–27.5° |
c = 10.235 (1) Å | µ = 1.84 mm−1 |
α = 67.017 (2)° | T = 293 K |
β = 68.176 (2)° | Block, yellow |
γ = 81.054 (2)° | 0.27 × 0.18 × 0.06 mm |
V = 600.76 (10) Å3 |
Bruker APEX CCD diffractometer | 2086 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2049 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.019 |
Detector resolution: 10 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.3° |
ω scans | h = −9→9 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | k = −9→4 |
Tmin = 0.536, Tmax = 1.000 | l = −12→11 |
3166 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.028 | Hydrogen site location: difference Fourier map |
wR(F2) = 0.072 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.15 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0315P)2 + 1.1125P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
2086 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
184 parameters | Δρmax = 0.41 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.79 e Å−3 |
[Cd(C8H4O4)(C3H4N2)(H2O)] | γ = 81.054 (2)° |
Mr = 362.61 | V = 600.76 (10) Å3 |
Triclinic, P1 | Z = 2 |
a = 8.2616 (8) Å | Mo Kα radiation |
b = 8.3138 (8) Å | µ = 1.84 mm−1 |
c = 10.235 (1) Å | T = 293 K |
α = 67.017 (2)° | 0.27 × 0.18 × 0.06 mm |
β = 68.176 (2)° |
Bruker APEX CCD diffractometer | 2086 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | 2049 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.536, Tmax = 1.000 | Rint = 0.019 |
3166 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.028 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.072 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.15 | Δρmax = 0.41 e Å−3 |
2086 reflections | Δρmin = −0.79 e Å−3 |
184 parameters |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Cd1 | 0.08672 (3) | 0.32297 (3) | 0.90289 (3) | 0.02898 (11) | |
O1 | −0.0532 (4) | 0.6070 (4) | 0.8593 (3) | 0.0337 (6) | |
O2 | 0.0672 (4) | 0.8334 (4) | 0.8475 (3) | 0.0382 (6) | |
O3 | 0.1082 (4) | 0.7617 (4) | 0.1628 (3) | 0.0347 (6) | |
O4 | −0.1232 (4) | 0.6718 (4) | 0.3685 (3) | 0.0405 (7) | |
O5 | 0.2389 (4) | 0.0533 (4) | 0.9029 (4) | 0.0414 (7) | |
H5A | 0.209 (10) | 0.017 (10) | 0.849 (9) | 0.10 (2)* | |
H5B | 0.211 (10) | −0.024 (10) | 0.994 (9) | 0.10 (3)* | |
N1 | 0.3422 (4) | 0.4507 (4) | 0.8114 (4) | 0.0340 (7) | |
N2 | 0.5999 (5) | 0.5524 (5) | 0.6516 (4) | 0.0453 (9) | |
H2 | 0.687 (9) | 0.587 (9) | 0.570 (8) | 0.08 (2)* | |
C1 | 0.0393 (5) | 0.7429 (5) | 0.7840 (4) | 0.0272 (7) | |
C2 | 0.1174 (5) | 0.7962 (5) | 0.6165 (4) | 0.0255 (7) | |
C3 | 0.2660 (5) | 0.8979 (5) | 0.5366 (4) | 0.0325 (8) | |
H3 | 0.3153 | 0.9372 | 0.5868 | 0.039* | |
C4 | 0.3406 (5) | 0.9406 (6) | 0.3814 (5) | 0.0398 (9) | |
H4 | 0.4428 | 1.0048 | 0.3284 | 0.048* | |
C5 | 0.2642 (5) | 0.8885 (5) | 0.3047 (4) | 0.0333 (8) | |
H5 | 0.3145 | 0.9184 | 0.2006 | 0.040* | |
C8 | 0.0251 (5) | 0.7384 (5) | 0.3016 (4) | 0.0293 (8) | |
C7 | 0.0420 (4) | 0.7439 (4) | 0.5394 (4) | 0.0248 (7) | |
H7 | −0.0575 | 0.6757 | 0.5930 | 0.030* | |
C11 | 0.4652 (6) | 0.4570 (6) | 0.6844 (5) | 0.0425 (10) | |
H11 | 0.4592 | 0.4010 | 0.6235 | 0.051* | |
C10 | 0.4032 (6) | 0.5481 (6) | 0.8641 (5) | 0.0436 (10) | |
H10 | 0.3441 | 0.5688 | 0.9532 | 0.052* | |
C9 | 0.5632 (6) | 0.6097 (7) | 0.7663 (6) | 0.0488 (11) | |
H9 | 0.6338 | 0.6779 | 0.7762 | 0.059* | |
C6 | 0.1121 (5) | 0.7914 (5) | 0.3837 (4) | 0.0261 (7) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cd1 | 0.03179 (17) | 0.03293 (17) | 0.02429 (16) | −0.01047 (11) | −0.00754 (11) | −0.01069 (12) |
O1 | 0.0381 (15) | 0.0359 (15) | 0.0243 (13) | −0.0070 (12) | −0.0089 (11) | −0.0074 (11) |
O2 | 0.0528 (17) | 0.0447 (16) | 0.0260 (13) | −0.0095 (13) | −0.0144 (12) | −0.0175 (12) |
O3 | 0.0442 (15) | 0.0420 (15) | 0.0236 (13) | −0.0069 (12) | −0.0114 (11) | −0.0154 (11) |
O4 | 0.0422 (16) | 0.0530 (18) | 0.0302 (14) | −0.0195 (13) | −0.0118 (12) | −0.0125 (13) |
O5 | 0.0440 (17) | 0.0385 (16) | 0.0405 (17) | −0.0083 (13) | −0.0105 (14) | −0.0137 (15) |
N1 | 0.0310 (16) | 0.0374 (18) | 0.0328 (17) | −0.0080 (13) | −0.0085 (13) | −0.0114 (14) |
N2 | 0.0336 (19) | 0.055 (2) | 0.039 (2) | −0.0110 (17) | −0.0046 (16) | −0.0120 (18) |
C1 | 0.0274 (18) | 0.0310 (19) | 0.0236 (17) | −0.0004 (14) | −0.0103 (14) | −0.0091 (15) |
C2 | 0.0289 (18) | 0.0254 (17) | 0.0223 (17) | −0.0011 (14) | −0.0100 (14) | −0.0073 (14) |
C3 | 0.036 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.0276 (19) | −0.0122 (16) | −0.0133 (16) | −0.0137 (16) |
C4 | 0.033 (2) | 0.053 (3) | 0.032 (2) | −0.0214 (18) | −0.0048 (16) | −0.0118 (18) |
C5 | 0.035 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.0202 (17) | −0.0076 (16) | −0.0060 (15) | −0.0092 (16) |
C8 | 0.038 (2) | 0.0273 (18) | 0.0267 (18) | −0.0028 (15) | −0.0152 (16) | −0.0089 (15) |
C7 | 0.0250 (17) | 0.0278 (17) | 0.0220 (17) | −0.0045 (13) | −0.0084 (13) | −0.0075 (14) |
C11 | 0.040 (2) | 0.050 (3) | 0.040 (2) | −0.0124 (19) | −0.0100 (18) | −0.017 (2) |
C10 | 0.036 (2) | 0.057 (3) | 0.042 (2) | −0.0128 (19) | −0.0100 (18) | −0.021 (2) |
C9 | 0.040 (2) | 0.057 (3) | 0.054 (3) | −0.017 (2) | −0.015 (2) | −0.020 (2) |
C6 | 0.0285 (18) | 0.0281 (18) | 0.0248 (17) | −0.0013 (14) | −0.0113 (14) | −0.0105 (14) |
Cd1—N1 | 2.216 (3) | N2—H2 | 0.85 (7) |
Cd1—O3i | 2.251 (3) | C1—C2 | 1.492 (5) |
Cd1—O2ii | 2.311 (3) | C2—C7 | 1.384 (5) |
Cd1—O5 | 2.394 (3) | C2—C3 | 1.388 (5) |
Cd1—O1 | 2.413 (3) | C3—C4 | 1.389 (5) |
Cd1—O1ii | 2.626 (3) | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
Cd1—O4i | 2.663 (3) | C4—C5 | 1.387 (6) |
O1—C1 | 1.266 (5) | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
O2—C1 | 1.260 (4) | C5—C6 | 1.391 (5) |
O3—C8 | 1.276 (4) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
O4—C8 | 1.252 (5) | C8—C6 | 1.501 (5) |
O5—H5A | 0.84 (8) | C7—C6 | 1.387 (5) |
O5—H5B | 0.87 (8) | C7—H7 | 0.9300 |
N1—C11 | 1.306 (5) | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
N1—C10 | 1.368 (5) | C10—C9 | 1.356 (6) |
N2—C11 | 1.330 (6) | C10—H10 | 0.9300 |
N2—C9 | 1.351 (6) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
N1—Cd1—O3i | 143.34 (11) | C9—N2—H2 | 124 (4) |
N1—Cd1—O2ii | 127.43 (11) | O2—C1—O1 | 121.5 (3) |
O3i—Cd1—O2ii | 88.49 (10) | O2—C1—C2 | 119.4 (3) |
N1—Cd1—O5 | 88.63 (11) | O1—C1—C2 | 119.1 (3) |
O3i—Cd1—O5 | 87.33 (11) | C7—C2—C3 | 119.4 (3) |
O2ii—Cd1—O5 | 85.20 (11) | C7—C2—C1 | 120.0 (3) |
N1—Cd1—O1 | 89.20 (11) | C3—C2—C1 | 120.5 (3) |
O3i—Cd1—O1 | 89.03 (10) | C2—C3—C4 | 119.7 (3) |
O2ii—Cd1—O1 | 103.25 (10) | C2—C3—H3 | 120.2 |
O5—Cd1—O1 | 170.71 (11) | C4—C3—H3 | 120.2 |
N1—Cd1—O1ii | 83.08 (10) | C5—C4—C3 | 120.6 (4) |
O3i—Cd1—O1ii | 131.61 (9) | C5—C4—H4 | 119.7 |
O2ii—Cd1—O1ii | 52.58 (9) | C3—C4—H4 | 119.7 |
O5—Cd1—O1ii | 112.79 (11) | C4—C5—C6 | 119.8 (3) |
O1—Cd1—O1ii | 75.89 (9) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.1 |
N1—Cd1—O4i | 91.00 (10) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.1 |
O3i—Cd1—O4i | 52.54 (9) | O4—C8—O3 | 121.5 (3) |
O2ii—Cd1—O4i | 137.72 (9) | O4—C8—C6 | 120.7 (3) |
O5—Cd1—O4i | 78.09 (11) | O3—C8—C6 | 117.8 (3) |
O1—Cd1—O4i | 92.92 (9) | C2—C7—C6 | 121.2 (3) |
O1ii—Cd1—O4i | 167.35 (9) | C2—C7—H7 | 119.4 |
C1—O1—Cd1 | 119.5 (2) | C6—C7—H7 | 119.4 |
C1—O1—Cd1ii | 85.5 (2) | N1—C11—N2 | 112.7 (4) |
Cd1—O1—Cd1ii | 104.11 (9) | N1—C11—H11 | 123.7 |
C1—O2—Cd1ii | 100.4 (2) | N2—C11—H11 | 123.7 |
C8—O3—Cd1i | 102.2 (2) | C9—C10—N1 | 109.4 (4) |
Cd1—O5—H5A | 108 (5) | C9—C10—H10 | 125.3 |
Cd1—O5—H5B | 110 (5) | N1—C10—H10 | 125.3 |
H5A—O5—H5B | 109 (7) | N2—C9—C10 | 106.5 (4) |
C11—N1—C10 | 104.7 (3) | N2—C9—H9 | 126.7 |
C11—N1—Cd1 | 125.3 (3) | C10—C9—H9 | 126.7 |
C10—N1—Cd1 | 129.8 (3) | C7—C6—C5 | 119.1 (3) |
C11—N2—C9 | 106.7 (4) | C7—C6—C8 | 120.4 (3) |
C11—N2—H2 | 129 (4) | C5—C6—C8 | 120.4 (3) |
N1—Cd1—O1—C1 | 9.8 (3) | O2—C1—C2—C7 | −156.1 (3) |
O3i—Cd1—O1—C1 | −133.6 (3) | O1—C1—C2—C7 | 24.1 (5) |
O2ii—Cd1—O1—C1 | 138.2 (3) | O2—C1—C2—C3 | 24.1 (5) |
O1ii—Cd1—O1—C1 | 92.8 (3) | O1—C1—C2—C3 | −155.6 (4) |
O4i—Cd1—O1—C1 | −81.2 (3) | C7—C2—C3—C4 | −2.3 (6) |
N1—Cd1—O1—Cd1ii | −83.06 (11) | C1—C2—C3—C4 | 177.5 (4) |
O3i—Cd1—O1—Cd1ii | 133.56 (10) | C2—C3—C4—C5 | 2.6 (7) |
O2ii—Cd1—O1—Cd1ii | 45.34 (11) | C3—C4—C5—C6 | −0.5 (7) |
O1ii—Cd1—O1—Cd1ii | 0.0 | Cd1i—O3—C8—O4 | 4.2 (4) |
O4i—Cd1—O1—Cd1ii | −174.03 (9) | Cd1i—O3—C8—C6 | −176.6 (3) |
O3i—Cd1—N1—C11 | −24.3 (5) | C3—C2—C7—C6 | −0.1 (5) |
O2ii—Cd1—N1—C11 | 142.2 (3) | C1—C2—C7—C6 | −179.9 (3) |
O5—Cd1—N1—C11 | 59.3 (4) | C10—N1—C11—N2 | −0.4 (5) |
O1—Cd1—N1—C11 | −111.6 (4) | Cd1—N1—C11—N2 | 175.6 (3) |
O1ii—Cd1—N1—C11 | 172.5 (4) | C9—N2—C11—N1 | 1.0 (6) |
O4i—Cd1—N1—C11 | −18.7 (4) | C11—N1—C10—C9 | −0.4 (5) |
O3i—Cd1—N1—C10 | 150.6 (3) | Cd1—N1—C10—C9 | −176.1 (3) |
O2ii—Cd1—N1—C10 | −42.9 (4) | C11—N2—C9—C10 | −1.2 (5) |
O5—Cd1—N1—C10 | −125.8 (4) | N1—C10—C9—N2 | 0.9 (6) |
O1—Cd1—N1—C10 | 63.3 (4) | C2—C7—C6—C5 | 2.1 (5) |
O1ii—Cd1—N1—C10 | −12.6 (4) | C2—C7—C6—C8 | −178.0 (3) |
O4i—Cd1—N1—C10 | 156.2 (4) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | −1.8 (6) |
Cd1ii—O2—C1—O1 | 0.1 (4) | C4—C5—C6—C8 | 178.3 (4) |
Cd1ii—O2—C1—C2 | −179.6 (3) | O4—C8—C6—C7 | 9.7 (5) |
Cd1—O1—C1—O2 | −103.8 (4) | O3—C8—C6—C7 | −169.4 (3) |
Cd1ii—O1—C1—O2 | −0.1 (3) | O4—C8—C6—C5 | −170.4 (4) |
Cd1—O1—C1—C2 | 76.0 (4) | O3—C8—C6—C5 | 10.4 (5) |
Cd1ii—O1—C1—C2 | 179.6 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) −x, −y+1, −z+2. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O5—H5A···O2iii | 0.84 (8) | 2.07 (8) | 2.809 (4) | 146 (7) |
O5—H5B···O3iv | 0.87 (8) | 1.96 (8) | 2.786 (4) | 158 (7) |
N2—H2···O4v | 0.85 (7) | 2.00 (7) | 2.854 (5) | 175 (6) |
Symmetry codes: (iii) x, y−1, z; (iv) x, y−1, z+1; (v) x+1, y, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Cd(C8H4O4)(C3H4N2)(H2O)] |
Mr | 362.61 |
Crystal system, space group | Triclinic, P1 |
Temperature (K) | 293 |
a, b, c (Å) | 8.2616 (8), 8.3138 (8), 10.235 (1) |
α, β, γ (°) | 67.017 (2), 68.176 (2), 81.054 (2) |
V (Å3) | 600.76 (10) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 1.84 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.27 × 0.18 × 0.06 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker APEX CCD diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.536, 1.000 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 3166, 2086, 2049 |
Rint | 0.019 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.595 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.028, 0.072, 1.15 |
No. of reflections | 2086 |
No. of parameters | 184 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.41, −0.79 |
Computer programs: SMART (Siemens, 1996), SAINT (Siemens, 1996), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
Cd1—N1 | 2.216 (3) | Cd1—O1 | 2.413 (3) |
Cd1—O3i | 2.251 (3) | Cd1—O1ii | 2.626 (3) |
Cd1—O2ii | 2.311 (3) | Cd1—O4i | 2.663 (3) |
Cd1—O5 | 2.394 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) −x, −y+1, −z+2. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O5—H5A···O2iii | 0.84 (8) | 2.07 (8) | 2.809 (4) | 146 (7) |
O5—H5B···O3iv | 0.87 (8) | 1.96 (8) | 2.786 (4) | 158 (7) |
N2—H2···O4v | 0.85 (7) | 2.00 (7) | 2.854 (5) | 175 (6) |
Symmetry codes: (iii) x, y−1, z; (iv) x, y−1, z+1; (v) x+1, y, z. |
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20971122) and the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry for financial support.
References
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In recent years, considerable effort was paied in the study of metal-organic hybrid materials with the extended supermolecular framework structures, owing to their intriguing network topologies and potential application in adsorption, molecular recognition, catalysis and maganetism (Yaghi et al., 1998 ). Currently, carboxylic acids have been widely used as polydentate and bridging ligands since they can bind metal ions in diverse modes and play an important role in adjusting verious topologies structures. A number of promising supramolecular complexes have been designed and constructed by using carboxylic acids as favorable conditions. (Ma et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2008). In this paper, we report the synthesis and structural characterzation of the title compound in which the isophthalic acid ligand displayed its good coordination ability and diverse coordination modes.
The CdII ion is six-coordinated by four O atoms from three crystallographically independent benzene-1,3- dicarboxylate ligands and one N atom from the chelating imidazole ligand and one coordinated water molecule (Fig. 1 & Table 1). The neighboring Cdi ion is bridged by the benzene-1, 3-dicarboxylate ligands to form a one-dimensional chain structure. In the crystal structure, the adjacent chains are linked via O–H···O and N–H···O hydrogen bonds (Fig. 2 & Table 2) resulting in the formation of a three dimensional supramolecular structure.