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September 2013 issue
Cover illustration: Dose distributions obtained in a human knee joint and breast with Monte Carlo (left column) and track-length-estimator acceleration methods (right column) (see Mittone, Baldacci, Bravin, Brun, Delaire, Ferrero, Gasilov, Freud, Létang, Sarrut, Smekens and Coan, pages 785-792). The images were acquired at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The knee joint images were segmented using a simple thresholding method and the breast images using a marker-controlled watershed viscous transform. The simulations were performed with GATE using the segmented images as input geometry.
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The wiggler X-ray source of the Materials Science beamline at the Swiss Light Source has been replaced with a 14 mm-period cryogenically cooled in-vacuum undulator. In order to best exploit the increased brilliance of this new source, the entire front-end and optics have been redesigned.
Two fast energy calibration procedures have been established: (i) an in situ calibration tracks the energies scan-by-scan for observing tiny spectral shifts; (ii) a quick-switching calibration reduces the calibration time dramatically and is suitable for normal NRVS measurements.
Theoretical considerations and experimental results on X-ray vacuum-gap waveguides with additional periodic structure on one of the reflecting walls are reported.
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An expression for ion recombination in free-air ionization chambers irradiated by chopped X-rays is presented. The expression is validated by comparison with experiments using synchrotron radiation.
Investigations of intact dental enamel and carious-affected human dental enamel were performed using infrared spectromicroscopy and X-ray diffraction applying synchrotron radiation.
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A demonstration of a procedure for high-pressure single-crystal data collection at the Extreme Conditions beamline P02.2 (DESY/PERTA III) is given, and the newly invented Agilent Technologies XRD `Esperanto' format, created to provide a means to interface unsupported image formats with CrysAlisPro, is described.
The presented experiments aimed to study the influence of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid on the nanostructure of liposomes prepared from different commercial phospholipids. The X-ray scattering technique in combination with a mathematic model modified from the literature was employed for this purpose.
Measuring diffraction peaks of a standard sample is an effective method to estimate the incident X-ray wavelength of a fixed-energy beamline. In order to determine the X-ray wavelength with the required accuracy, the detector should be perpendicular to the beam and the standard sample should have distinct high-angle diffraction peaks.
Experimental investigations of Mg K-edge XANES analysis of geologic materials are presented. The energy positions and resonance features obtained from these spectra can be used to specify the dominant molecular host site of Mg.
An investigation of the X-ray attenuation by electrospun nano- and micro-Bi2O3/polylactic acid nanofibre mats with different Bi2O3 loadings using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and mammography.
An X-ray dynamical diffraction Fraunhofer holographic scheme is proposed and theoretically investigated.
Serotonergic control of the vasculature is an important pathway for ameliorating the progression of pulmonary hypertension.
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The new version MS2 of the in situ on-axis micro-spectrophotometer at the macromolecular crystallography beamline X10SA of the Swiss Light Source supports the concurrent acquisition of Raman, resonance Raman, fluorescence and UV/Vis absorption spectra along with diffraction data.
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Synchrotron photoactivation therapy of cisplatin relies on a synergistic effect of synchrotron X-rays and platinum and leads to tumor-cell-killing effects and reduction of the tumor blood perfusion.
The track length estimator method has been implemented in the GATE/Geant4 framework and subsequently validated experimentally and against the analogous Monte Carlo simulation. The tool allows dose simulations to be performed with a gain in time from 50 to 500 times compared with the standard Monte Carlo, without loss of accuracy.
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Three-dimensional phase-contrast X-ray microtomography with scanning–imaging X-ray microscope optics
A novel three-dimensional X-ray microtomographic micro-imaging system which enables simultaneous measurement of differential phase contrast and absorption contrast has been developed. The optical system consists of a scanning microscope with one-dimensional focusing device and an imaging microscope with one-dimensional objective.
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Combined X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and diffracted X-ray tracking measurements are demonstrated.
A new system has been developed and tested at the National Synchrotron Light Source with the goal of enabling rapid protein crystal mounting at next-generation macromolecular crystallographic beamlines. The system uses an acoustic ejector to deposit nanoliter-volume droplets containing crystals onto an X-ray transparent conveyor belt, which then moves the droplets into position for cryo-cooling and data collection. The acoustic ejector is capable of operating at a rate of several hundred droplet ejections per second.
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A set-up for simultaneous imaging and diffraction that yields radiograms with up to 200 frames per second and 5.6 µm effective pixel size is presented. Tomograms and diffractograms are acquired together in 10 s, which is attractive for in situ studies.
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The 50th anniversary of the first synchrotron-derived X-ray absorption spectra recorded in Europe is celebrated, as being preliminary to European scientific cooperation.
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