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March 2019 issue
Cover illustration: Interpolated images of apparent chlorine (top) and sulfur (bottom) quantitation for glial cells as calculated using blank correction (left) or per-pixel baseline correction (right). The cells were contaminated with small crystals of sodium chloride which dominate the chlorine signal (see Crawford, Deb and Penner-Hahn, pages 497-503). Despite this contamination, blank correction can recover the sulfur signal (lower left) while baseline distortions leaves apparent `holes' in the chlorine distribution in the spots that had high chlorine (lower right).
facility information
research papers
The SASE1 undulator system and its commissioning are described in detail.
A new method of generating ultrashort fully coherent radiation based on a laser plasma accelerator beam is proposed.
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Measurement of the absolute number of photons per pulse as a function of X-ray photon energy at the hard X-ray beamline of LCLS is presented. It is estimated by two different detectors and is used to characterize the hard X-ray beamline optics transmission as well as the third-harmonic content of the LCLS radiation.
The ultrafast pump–probe laser at the SASE1 undulator beamline of the European XFEL is described.
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A double channel-cut crystal monochromator and compound refractive lenses were implemented for advanced pump–probe X-ray experiments at SACLA BL3.
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A versatile liquid-jet injection system for serial femtosecond crystallography at the SPB/SFX instrument of the European XFEL is presented. The system comprises a load-lock nozzle rod changer, chamber-in-chamber differential pumping, liquid handling systems and two microscopes for sample imaging and diagnostics.
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A description of the Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source is given. Scientific capabilities are highlighted, performance parameters are presented along with some commissioning results.
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A fluorescence intensity monitor has been developed for the non-invasive, pulse-by-pulse normalization of LCLS-II experiments. The linearity, noise and position sensitivity of the detectors have been characterized.
A high-precision method for solving X-ray optics problems, based on the use of superposition of oriented Gaussian beams, is developed.
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The data acquisition and analysis workflow management system developed for Advanced Photon Source beamlines was successfully deployed at high-energy beamlines supporting in situ multi-modal, high-data-rate experiments.
A novel monochromator assembly design utilizing an interference fit is suggested, tested and analysed and a comparison has been made with previous work performing similar tests on conventional side-clamped crystal-cooling designs. The new design was found to have an order of magnitude less deformation and a high level of repeatability without using indium foil.
Results of an extensive measurement campaign aiming at exploiting the capabilities of a custom-built diamond-based device to monitor the time structures of VUV and X-ray synchrotron radiation light with sub-100 ps timescale are presented.
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The collaboration for the development of MXCuBE2 control software for Macromolecular Crystallography beamlines is described
Serial synchrotron data were collected in flow in a simple microfluidic device under flow-focusing conditions which allowed sample consumption to be reduced compared with other previously reported liquid-flow devices. A pulsed data collection strategy prevented the formation of hydrogen bubbles in the chip and the high repetition rate allowed for a short data collection time.
A methodology of deducing strength and density of polycrystalline tantalum and diamond under extreme compression conditions from two-dimensional X-ray diffraction patterns is examined rigorously with large-scale molecular dynamics and X-ray diffraction simulations.
The sequence of formation of metastable and basic phases in the process of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of a mechano-activated powder mixture of composition 3Ti + Al is established using in situ synchrotron studies.
The benefits of a large solid angle of detection for the analysis of biomedical samples using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with fluorescence detection are reported.
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A dispersive Si-111 crystal collimation set-up based on two well conditioned pseudo channel-cut crystals using higher-order reflections has been developed and installed at the TRUSAXS beamline ID02 at the ESRF. This scheme is not limited by either the scattering or the diffraction by the slits, offering the highest angular resolution at the expense of flux for ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) applications. The performance is demonstrated by USAXS measurements on micrometre-sized spherical particles with low polydispersity.
Setting up of the X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism measurement facility with hard X-rays at the Energy-Dispersive EXAFS beamline (BL-08) at the Indus-2 synchrotron source is reported.
Reactions of Rh2(CH3COO)4 with ethanethiol, dihydrolipoic acid and their corresponding sodium thiolates were investigated by UV–vis, Rh K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The thiols coordinate axially to the tetracarboxylate stabilized Rh24+ core, while under aerobic conditions the thiolates break the Rh—Rh bond and form triple bridges between the Rh(III) ions, each surrounded by six Rh—S bonds.
Simulation-aided XAS analysis can distinguish between the N-containing sites at the SiO2/SiC(0001) interface. The N-containing sites could be the substitutional C site at the interface of the NO-annealed sample and the interstitial site in the interior of SiC for the NO–POA-annealed sample.
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Fresnel zone plates for nano-ARPES in the extreme ultraviolet regime have been fabricated and tested. The optics provide high photon flux combined with spot sizes down to 0.4 µm.
An indispensable plan, requirements and challenges to overcome for a conclusive experiment to test time dilation due to acceleration, based on three experiments at ESRF, is presented.
An extension to the exact X-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity (XRMR) theory has been developed; advantages of analyzing rotated polarization (higher sensitivity to the depth profiles of magnetization and magnetic element depth distribution) in XRMR experiments are shown.
Elemental maps are compared from the fitting of X-ray fluorescence data from an X-ray microprobe using the common approach of correcting by a per-pixel baseline and this article's approach of using a blank. Using X-ray fluorescence data of yeast and glial cells, it is shown that per-pixel baselines can result in significant, systematic errors in quantitation and that significantly improved data can be obtained by using a blank spectrum.
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A novel approach for fast ptychography scans over an extended field of view by means of simultaneous Fresnel zone plate and sample motion is presented.
A 3D version of single-distance phase retrieval applied to propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography performed with photon-counting detectors is shown to compensate for multi-stage artifacts.
For mono-energetic computed tomography (CT), the amount of third-harmonic radiation is quantified and dose rates in air are found to be comparable with that used for medical CT. Measurements at energies 25–100 keV with a CT dosimeter placed inside 35–160 mm-diameter body phantoms are presented as ratios that scale the absorbed dose in air to estimate the average absorbed dose to the scanned volume.
beamlines
The deep X-ray lithography system at NewSUBARU is presented.
A hybrid normal-incidence and grazing-incidence plane-grating monochromator beamline has been taken into operation for metrology applications particularly in the extreme-ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet spectral range. The main features include high spectral purity and intensity monitoring.
The BL02B beamline with high energy resolution and high photon flux at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been operating for APPES and PIPOS experimental use.
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A two-color beamline (0.5–11 keV) using only one source (5 m APPLE II), allowing two stations (PES and PEEM) over the entire energy range and proposed for the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) to be built in Beijing, China, is described.
Microfabrication of high-aspect-ratio polymer structures using deep X-ray lithography benefits from independent beam-power and spectral tuning now available at the Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices at the Canadian Light Source.
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The ID01 beamline has been built to combine Bragg diffraction with imaging techniques to produce a strain and mosaicity microscope for materials in their native or operando state. A detailed description of the beamline from source to sample is provided and serves as a reference for the user community.
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An experimental platform using X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses with high-intensity optical laser pulses has been developed at the SACLA XFEL facility. An overview of the commissioning and the capabilities of the experimental platform is presented.
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The parallel operation of three free-electron laser (FEL) beamlines was first conducted using the SPring-8 Ångstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA), to offer more opportunities for advanced studies using X-ray FELs.
addenda and errata
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Corrections are given for the calculations of fluence and dose for X-ray imaging of biological cells by absorption in the paper by Nave (2018) [J. Synchrotron Rad. 25, 1490–1504].
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